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Veröffentlichung Measures to reduce micropollutant emissions to water(2015) Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung; Karlsruher Institut für Technologie; Deutschland. UmweltbundesamtDischarge via the municipal waste water system is the dominant emission pathway to water for many micropollutants especially for household chemicals, substances used in commerce and industry (especially in small and medium-sized enterprises), pharmaceuticals and biocides. Against this background, the primary objective of this study was to develop suitable measures or combinations of measures and their framework conditions to reduce the emission of micropollutants to water via the municipal waste water system that are characterized by high cost efficiency. The emission-relevant material flows were analysed for twelve selected micropollutants and to some extent the substance input into the water bodies were modelled. The results served as basis for the derivation of emission reduction measures. A focal point was the investigation into costs and effectiveness of the introduction of an advanced treatment stage in municipal wastewater treatment plants and the constraints to be considered with this. At the same time, the result have shown that both source-oriented as well as decentralised measures, depending on the substance considered, represent a cost-efficient possibility for the reduction of emission and can make an important contribution to the implementation of the polluter pays principle.
Quelle: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/Veröffentlichung Innovative techniques - best available techniques in selected sectors(2016) Institut für Energietechnik; Deutschland. UmweltbundesamtThis report was created to aid the revision process of the BAT reference document "Large Combustion Plants" (LCP). It includes the summary of the national data collection of 50 LCPs in Germany. In addition to this, a first evaluation was carried out. Directions on how to use and interpret the presented data are given in chapter 2 and 5. To cover the topics of load flexibility and start-up/shutdown sequences, an additional chapter is included in this report. In this, the load-dependent emissions of power plants are presented, using the example of a hard coal-fired plant and anatural gas-fired CCGT plant. Furthermore, a draft for a biomass chapter is given, which could be implemented in the future BAT reference document.Quelle: http://www.umweltbundesamt.deVeröffentlichung Biogenic and fossil carbon in sewage sludge and digester gas determined by isotope investigation(Umweltbundesamt, 2022) Lorenz, Gesine D.; Voerkelius, Susanne; Huxol, Stephan; Garvens, Hans-Jürgen; Deutschland. UmweltbundesamtSewage sludge and digester gas are used as fuels in various installations including those participating in the European Emissions Trading System (ETS). Monitoring of the emissions from such fuels shall include all carbon dioxide from fossil sources. We analysed the distribution of biogenic and fossil carbon and potential dependencies from available data on the wastewater input characterisation based on a number of samples of sewage sludge (20) and digester gas (14) from a wide variety of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Germany. The biogenic carbon content of the sewage sludge and digester gas samples were determined by analysing the carbon-14 (14C) content using a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) after combustion to CO2. CO2 already present in the digester gas samples was included in the analysis as this CO2 also originates from the degradation of the contents of sewage. Based on the results, we suggest the input to municipal WWTPs should be characterised by the share of sewage from industry compared to total water input expressed as inhabitants equivalent. The results of the study show that if the share of sewage from industry is below 45%, sewage sludge contains about 76% biogenic carbon while the respective digester gas contains about 83% biogenic carbon. The sewage from municipal WWTPs with higher percentages of industrial wastewater (>/= 45 %) can show significantly smaller proportions of biogenic carbon. Biogenic carbon content of about 28% to 71% were determined in sewage sludge from such wastewater plants, while the respective digester gas contained about 11% to 88% biogenic carbon. The origin of the respective carbon content was not investigated. Sources like cleaning agents and detergents and other persistent synthetic substances among others, were considered as contributors to the fossil carbon in the sewage. Wastewater from industries processing chemicals etc. and fossil fuels in particular, are responsible for higher proportions of fossil carbon in the sewage sludge and digester gas. Wastewater from food processing, paper, gastronomy and the hotel sector all show the same proportion of biogenic carbon as domestic sewage. Quelle: Forschungsbericht