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Veröffentlichung Ecotoxicological combined effects from chemical mixtures Part 2(Umweltbundesamt, 2014)Three different wood preservative products, their eluates produced by leaching tests, mixtures of some of their ingredients and some of their ingredients as single substances were tested for growth inhibition of green algae as well as acute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna. The tests were conducted according to OECD standard guidelines and supported by analyticalchemistry. The model deviation ratio (MDR) was used as quantitative measure for the compliance between observed mixture toxicity and the toxicity predicted by concentration addition. An MDR considerably larger than 2 may indicate synergistic interactions or the necessity to include so-far neglected substances into the prediction. For the here investigated wood preservative products and their eluates, the importance of taking formulation additives and transformation products into account has been clearly demonstrated. Acute as well as chronic toxicity could be reliably predicted with less than 2fold deviation when all relevant ingredients were known and included in the prediction. Yet, there was a tendency to overestimate mixture toxicity for endpoints of sub-lethal toxicity at low effect levels.Veröffentlichung Ecotoxicological combined effects from chemical mixtures Part 1(Umweltbundesamt, 2014)The Project deals with the possibilities of performing mixture toxicity assessment within the environmental risk assessment of the authorization of biocide and plant protection products. To this end a review on the state of scientific knowledge about the predictivity of combined effects is collated. Central in this context is the reference model of Concentration Addition which allows extrapolating combined effects for mixtures based on knowledge about the effects of the components. Building on this, options for risk regulation are developed. Their applicability is considered in the context of those data that are currently available within the authorization process for biocide and plant protection products. Deficits with respect to a – scientifically sensible – homogeneous data base can often be overcome with pragmatic decisions if additional requirements for the authorization process are not an option. Tiered schemes to specifically account for combined effects during environmental risk assessment of biocide and plant protection product authorization are suggested, accompanied with a software tool for its implementation.Veröffentlichung Assessment of environmental persistence: regulatory requirements and practical possibilities – available test systems, identification of technical constraints and indication of possible solutions(Umweltbundesamt, 2017)A literature study was performed to review the applicability of established and new tests for biodegradability for assessing persistence under REACH. Screening tests for ready and inherent biodegradability, proposals for enhanced ready tests as well as newly designed compartment-specific screening tests were analysed for strengths and weaknesses and proposals are made how to improve their performance and suitability for assessments of persistence. Although not in the focus of this study, some recommendations are also given for simulation tests in the context of evaluating persistence.Veröffentlichung Substitution of critical biocidal active substances under European law - Development of a comparative assessment concept for the environment(Umweltbundesamt, 2018)Authorisation of biocidal products in the European Union is a two-stage process, where the biocidal active substances are approved in a first step at the European level, and the biocidal products are authorised in a second step at member state level. If an active substance is designated as Candidate for Substitution during this process, a comparative assessment must be carried out for each biocidal product containing this active substance. The aim of the current project was to evaluate the practicability of the existing technical guidance for this procedure by conducting a number of exemplary comparative assessments, and to develop recommendations for improvements.Veröffentlichung Sustainability in international chemicals management – Further development of the Rio process post 2020(Umweltbundesamt, 2019)xxxVeröffentlichung Potential SVHC in environment and articles – information collection with the aim to prepare restriction proposals for PFAS(Umweltbundesamt, 2019)The report covers main findings of two information collection activities that have been performed with the aim to collect information about per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The information collections (literature research, IT-based surveys and targeted interviews with stakeholders) were performed to support the preparation of REACH restriction dossiers of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and short-chain PFASs. Also included were the salts of the two groups, precursor substances and substances that contain these substances as structural element. Furthermore, the report contains some general considerations on the use of IT–based surveys in the context of information collections in regulatory activities under REACH.Veröffentlichung Protection of the groundwater against loads of plant protection products: validation of the new EU-simulation model FOCUS PELMO 4 for a reliable prediction of the leaching potential of PPP into groundwater - Part B(Umweltbundesamt, 2019)The European scenario Hamburg used in the tiered approach for groundwater risk assessment of plant protection products in Europe (FOCUS) is evaluated to ascertain whether it also represents and covers German environmental conditions. A German wide analysis using geodata provides evidence that national environmental soil and climate conditions are not suitably covered by the European scenario Hamburg. A national scenario development is scientifically recommended to appropriately protect groundwater against plant protection products in Germany. Model uncertainties and further scientific investigations are critically discussed in this context.Veröffentlichung Protection of the groundwater against loads of plant protection products: validation of the new EU-simulation model FOCUS PELMO 4 for a reliable prediction of the leaching potential of PPP into groundwater - Part A(Umweltbundesamt, 2019)The tiered approach for groundwater risk assessment of plant protection products in Europe (FOCUS) is evaluated to ensure whether this approach also represents and covers German environmental conditions. A comparison between modelled leachate concentrations and actual measurements from outdoor lysimeter studies provide evidence that a reliable and safe prediction of leachate concentrations for most of the 104 investigated substances is ensured when harmonized EU endpoints are used for modelling. Based on examples it is demonstrated that inverse modelling of lysimeter studies cannot be recommended as standard method for higher risk assessment due to its complexity and high uncertainty.Veröffentlichung Investigation of two widely used nanomaterials (TiO2, Ag) for ecotoxicological long-term effects - adaption of test guidelines(2013) Schäfer, Christoph; Weil, Mirco; Deutschland. Umweltbundesamt; Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie; ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH (Flörsheim am Main)The nanoparticulate titanium dioxide NM-105 was investigated in two tests with Lumbriculus variegatus in a sediment-water system according to the OECD TG 225 [5]. The nominal test concentrations in the first test were 15; 23; 39; 63 and 100 mg/L NM-105 and 100 mg/L NM-105 in the second test. Chemical analysis of titanium concentrations in test media in the first test showed good agreement with nominal test concentrations.Veröffentlichung Investigation of widely used nanomaterials (TiO2, Ag) and gold nanoparticles in standardized ecotoxicological tests(2013) Hund-Rinke, Kerstin; Klawonn, Thorsten; Fraunhofer-Institut für Molekularbiologie und Angewandte Oekologie; Deutschland. UmweltbundesamtAt the nanoscale level, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental, and often valuable, ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules, or bulk matter. Research and development in nanotechnology is directed towards creating im-proved materials, devices, and systems that exploit the new properties. The specific properties of nanoparticles proved to be very useful for an increasing number of commercial applications, such as protective coatings, light-weight materials or self-cleaning clothing, for example.