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Veröffentlichung Sustainable resource use and the projected development of PV(2013) Günther, Jens; Lehmann, HarryClimate protection, the transformation of the energy system, the sustainable use of natural resources and increasing resource efficiency are main strategic policy fields in the EU and the member countries. Whereas the expansion of PV electricity supply is clearly fostering the first two strategic fields, negative effects on the latter may occur. The expected expansion requires significant amounts of raw materials and other resources. This raises questions on raw material supply, but also hampers the target achievement on resource efficiency and trade-offs to different environmental policies may occur. Whereas the topic of raw material supply is already under intensive investigation, the questions on synergies and trade-offs coming along with the PV expansion are rarely explored. Several research projects on behalf of the German Federal Environment Agency (UBA) and the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) were analyzing different aspects in the context of environmental feasible expansion of PV in Germany. Based on selected results, we highlighted the interlinkages of PV expansion and resource use, evaluate the possible trade-offs and synergies to sustainable use of natural resources and conclude with implication for environmental policies, resource efficiency and suggestion for a resource efficient expansion of PV.Quelle: http://www.eupvsec-proceedings.com/
Veröffentlichung A metrological approach to improve accuracy and reliability of ammonia measurements in ambient air(2016) Pogány, Andrea; Balslev-Harder, David; Braban, Christine F.; Cassidy, Nathan; Ebert, Volker; Ferracci, Valerio; Hieta, Tuomas; Leuenberger, Daiana; Martin, Nicholas, A.; Pascale, Céline; Peltola, Jari; Persijn, Stefan; Tiebe, Carlo; Twigg, Marsailidh M.; Vaittinen, Olavi; van Wijk, Janneke; Niederhauser, Bernhard; Wirtz, KlausThe environmental impacts of ammonia (NH3) in ambient air have become more evident in the recent decades, leading to intensifying research in this field. A number of novel analytical techniques and monitoring instruments have been developed, and the quality and availability of reference gas mixtures used for the calibration of measuring instruments has also increased significantly. However, recent inter-comparison measurements show significant discrepancies, indicating that the majority of the newly developed devices and reference materials require further thorough validation. There is a clear need for more intensive metrological research focusing on quality assurance, intercomparability and validations. MetNH3 (Metrology for ammonia in ambient air) is a three-year project within the framework of the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP), which aims to bring metrological traceability to ambient ammonia measurements in the 0.5-500 nmol mol-1amount fraction range. This is addressed by working in three areas: (1) improving accuracy and stability of static and dynamic reference gas mixtures, (2) developing an optical transfer standard and (3) establishing the link between high-accuracy metrological standards and field measurements. In this article we describe the concept, aims and first results of the project.Quelle: http://iopscience.iop.orgVeröffentlichung Environmental Impact by Hydrogeothermal Energy Generation in Low-Enthalpy Regions(2016) Lohse, ChristianeVeröffentlichung Environmental Impact by Hydrogeothermal Energy Generation in Low-Enthalpy Regions(2018) Lohse, ChristianeIn view of the climate crisis, the development and the path of growth and expansion of renewable energy systems is an urgent task, but must carried out with great care on environmental compatibility and protection. Renewable energy supply systems that are suitable for grid-bound heat supply, particularly in urban areas in Europe, are geothermal binary plants that provide power as well as power and heat. This paper will present studies whose objective was the assessment of hydrogeothermal power and heat generation in low-enthalpy regions from the environmental standpoint. The German Environment Agency published results of a network of studies conducted between 2008 and 2016 on the analysis of detailed and comprehensive environmental impacts of the geothermal energy generation in Germany and has continuously evaluated these findings. In this article, the results of the Life Cycle Assessment are discussed, taking into account all effects and material flows within the entire life cycle. Based on these balances, differing geothermal systems are compared to each other and to other renewable and fossil energy generation systems in order to assess the ecological advantages and disadvantages of these systems. Taking into account local environmental impacts as well a comprehensive ecologic evaluation of potential environmental and human health impacts becomes possible. The paper presents the results of a) the mass and energy fluxes of the process chain along the life cycle, and b) the local environmental impacts along the life cycle with regard to the environmental indicators of these cases. The focus is on the impact of site and plant parameters. Concluding, it can be summarised that geothermal power and heat generation is a very low-carbon technology and can contribute to a sustainable energy supply. Hydrogeothermal plants show a significantly low surface consumption, and environmental impacts are only locally relevant and technically controllable. Through the development of optimised overall concepts, geothermal based power and heat generation can achieve minimal environmental impacts in all areas. The combined heat and power generation from geothermal resources is by far the most environmentally and climate-friendly energy supply compared to all other regenerative and fossil systems. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd.Veröffentlichung Sustainable heat pump systems in a transformed energy system based on renewables(2018) Lohse, Christiane; Wagener-Lohse, GeorgIn a number of studies, the German Environment Agency (UBA) has carried out model calculations on how the heat supply in Germany can become renewable. This paper refers to the GHG reduction scenario of UBA (GreenEe-scenario) which aims at 95% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2050 and a 60% reduction in the use of biotic and abiotic resources. Heat pump systems of different technical specifications, using geo-thermal energy and ambient heat, will then be the central heat supply technologies in the energy system. If the heating requirements of buildings can be reduced by 2/3 by 2050, heat supply is feasible with district heating (with a share of 18%), and heat pump systems (with a share of 76%). In the course of sector inter-connection, renewable electricity is increasingly being used in the low-exergy heat sector. The paper briefly describes the energy consumption of the German buildings sector and highlights the needs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A comparative discussion of the UBA study with studies and scenarios from other institutes leads to the identification of the most effective measures to decarbonise the buildings sector in a resource-saving manner. All considerations show that the goal can be achieved primarily with heat pump systems. The paper lists the low temperature heat sources for heat pump systems, and compares their different utilization techniques and the respective energy yield. Technological innovations and the plan-ning processes must be aimed at minimizing negative environmental effects; the protection requirements for the environmental media concerned, such as groundwater and soil, must be met. Heat pump systems must not be used if the implementation results in deterioration of the environmental status. In: Proceedings of ECOS 2018 : the 31st International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems / Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems 31st International Conference on Efficiency Herausgebendes Organ. - Guimarães. - (2018), Paper #408Veröffentlichung The potential for dispersant use as a maritime oil spill response measure in German waters(2018) Grote, Matthias; Bernem, Carlo van; Böhme, Birgit; Damian, Hans-PeterIn case of an oil spill, dispersant application represents a response option, which enhances the natural dispersion of oil and thus reduces coating of seabirds and coastal areas. However, as oil is transferred to the water phase, a trade-off of potential harmful effects shifted to other compartments must be performed. This paper summarizes the results of a workshop on the current knowledge on risks and benefits of the use of dispersants with respect to specific conditions encountered at the German sea areas. The German North Sea coast is a sensitive ecosystem characterised by tidal flats, barrier islands and salt marshes. Many prerequisites for a potential integration of dispersants as spill response option are available in Germany, including sensitivity maps and tools for drift modelling of dispersed and undispersed oil. However, open scientific questions remain concerning the persistence of dispersed oil trapped in the sediments and potential health effects. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Veröffentlichung Environmental guidelines for operation of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS): Experience from Antarctica(2019) Harris, Colin H.; Herata, Heike; Hertel, FritzRemotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS), or drones, are increasingly being used in close proximity to wildlife. RPAS can disturb animals in their natural environment, potentially causing stress or harm. However, research on the potential impact of RPAS on wildlife is preliminary and remains poorly understood. RPAS offer many benefits for research applications and other purposes, and can also help reduce wildlife disturbance that might otherwise occur. The Antarctic Treaty Parties recognised a need to develop environmental guidelines for RPAS use as a means to help avoid and/or reduce disturbance to wildlife in Antarctica while allowing for their beneficial use. To do so, a framework based on the Pressure - State - Response model was developed to provide a systematic means to consider relevant influences on RPAS and wildlife interactions. This framework was used as an aid to draft comprehensive environmental guidelines for RPAS use in Antarctica, which were adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Parties in 2018. The guidelines include recommendations for pre-flight preparations, on-site and in-flight protocols, and for post-flight actions and reporting. The guidelines were based on examples developed elsewhere in the world, on available scientific evidence for environmental impacts from RPAS, and through consultation among governments and scientific and technical bodies operating in Antarctica. The environmental guidelines adopted for RPAS operations in Antarctica could provide a model for application elsewhere in the world where there is a need to manage interactions between RPAS and wildlife and to avoid or reduce potential impacts. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reservedVeröffentlichung Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in Europe(2019) Maack, GerdVeröffentlichung Modelling cumulative sound exposure around hydroacoustic sources(2020) Schuster, Max; Fischer, Matthias; Müller, MirjamWhile noise emissions are an unintentional by-product of shipping operations, hydroacoustic equipment such as multibeam sonars deliberately introduce high levels of noise into the subsea environment. In this paper, we model the sound field around a ship operating two types of hydroacoustic equipment, both in directions that are meant to be insonified and those that are not. A concept has been developed to quantify the accumulated noise exposure to a receiver in the water space around the ship. The paper describes the philosophy of the approach and the calculated sound exposure around the transmitting sound source for two typical systems. The results for noise exposure can be used to assess the effect on animal receivers with their respective characteristics. Copyright of Journal of Ocean Technology