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Veröffentlichung PM10 contains particle-bound allergens: Dust analysis by Flow Cytometry(2016)Exposure to inhalable particulate matter (PM10, particle size =10ìm in diameter) can be associated with a number of adverse health effects such as airway inflammation and aggravation of asthma. Asthma can be triggered amongst others by birch pollen allergens like Bet v 1, but due to their size whole birch pollen cannot enter the lower respiratory tract. However, PM10 may act as carrier of adsorbed allergens and we speculated that Flow Cytometry, a method widely used to characterize suspended solids >0.5 ìm in diameter, can be used to quantify these allergen-loaded particles. We show here, that the major birch pollen antigen Bet v 1 is bound to PM10 particles and that PM10 samples from high pollen season contain significantly higher proportions of Bet v 1 positive PM10>0.5 ìm particles than PM10 samples from low pollen season. This difference may be of biological relevance as PM10 from high pollen season but not from low pollen season induced basophil activation in a pollen allergic proband. These findings indicate that ambient particles can transport adsorbed allergens into the lower respiratory airways where they could cause allergic sensitizations or trigger allergic reactions. Furthermore, Flow Cytometry adds to the list of tools for PM10 characterization.Quelle: http://www.sciencedirect.comVeröffentlichung Holi colours contain PM10 and can induce pro-inflammatory responses(2016) Bach, Sabine; Bossmann, Katrin; Heinze, Rita; Höflich, Conny; Neumann, Anett; Straff, Wolfgang; Süring, Katrin; Valtanen, KerttuBackground
At Holi festivals, originally celebrated in India but more recently all over the world, people throw coloured powder (Holi powder, Holi colour, Gulal powder) at each other. Adverse health effects, i.e. skin and ocular irritations as well as respiratory problems may be the consequences. The aim of this study was to uncover some of the underlying mechanisms.
Methods
We analysed four different Holi colours regarding particle size using an Electric field cell counting system. In addition, we incubated native human cells with different Holi colours and determined their potential to induce a pro-inflammatory response by quantifying the resulting cytokine production by means of ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and the resulting leukocyte oxidative burst by flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, we performed the XTT (2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) and Propidium iodide cytotoxicity tests and we measured the endotoxin content of the Holi colour samples by means of the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test (LAL test).
Results
We show here that all tested Holi colours consist to more than 40 % of particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 ìm, so called PM10 particles (PM, particulate matter). Two of the analysed Holi powders contained even more than 75 % of PM10 particles.
Furthermore we demonstrate in cell culture experiments that Holi colours can induce the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-á(Tumor necrosis factor-á), IL-6 (Interleukine-6) and IL-1â(Interleukine-1â). Three out of the four analysed colours induced a significantly higher cytokine response in human PBMCs (Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells) and whole blood than corn starch, which is often used as carrier substance for Holi colours. Moreover we show that corn starch and two Holi colours contain endotoxin and that certain Holi colours display concentration dependent cytotoxic effects in higher concentration. Furthermore we reveal that in principle Holi colours and corn starch are able to generate an oxidative burst in human granulocytes and monocytes. In Holi colour 1 we detected a fungal contamination.
Conclusions
Some of the observed unwanted health effects of Holi colours might be explained by the high content of PM10 particles in conjunction with the possible induction of a pro-inflammatory response and an oxidative leukocyte burst.
Quelle: http://occup-med.biomedcentral.comVeröffentlichung Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10(2016) Bach, Sabine; Höflich, Conny; Straff, Wolfgang; Süring, KatrinVeröffentlichung Tire and road wear particles in road environment - Quantification and assessment of particle dynamics by Zn determination after density separation(2019) Reemtsma, Thorsten; Klöckner, Philipp; Eisentraut, Paul; Ruhl, Aki SebastianIn this study, a method for the determination of tire and road wear particle (TRWP) contents in particulate samples from road environment was developed. Zn was identified as the most suitable elemental marker for TRWP, due to its high concentration in tire tread and the possibility of separation from other Zn sources. The mean concentration of 21 tire samples was 8.7 +/- 2.0 mg Zn/g. Before quantification in samples from road environment, TRWP were separated from the particulate matrix by density separation. Method development was conducted using shredded tread particles (TP) as a surrogate for TRWP. Recovery of TP from spiked sediment was 95 +/- 17% in a concentration range of 2 - 200 mg TP/g. TP determination was not affected by other Zn containing solids or spiked Zn-salts. By adjusting the density of the separation solution to 1.9 g/cm3, more than 90% of total TRWP were separated from the sample matrix. TRWP concentrations in particulate matter collected in two road runoff treatment systems ranged from 0.38 to 150 mg TRWP/g. Differences in quantified TRWP contents of the two systems indicate changes in particle dynamics due to ageing and aggregation processes. The developed method allows TRWP determination in road runoff and in environments that are influenced by road traffic. The validated separation procedure can also be applied for TRWP characterization in future studies. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Veröffentlichung Improvement of the predictive quality of CAMS forecasts for ozone and PM10 in comparison with measured values(2019) Neunhäuserer, Lina; Diegmann, Volker; Breitenbach, Yvonne; Nordmann, StephanThe Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) provides, inter alia, daily forecasts for the next 96 hours in hourly resolution for various pollutants. These forecasts are based on the results of chemical transport models and their ensemble. Due to their horizontal grid resolution, the CAMS ensemble usually provides too low maximum ozone concentrations in comparison with measurements at background stations. This has a negative impact on the correct prediction of threshold value exceedances at very high ozone concentrations. The project presented here explored to what extent the predictive quality of CAMS ozone forecasts for Germany can be improved by post-processing with different correction techniques, particularly with regard to the detection of limit value exceedances. In addition, interpolation of the correction factors derived at measurement locations onto the CAMS grid and subsequent correction of the CAMS forecasts are discussed. A corresponding study was carried out for CAMS PM10 forecasts. © 2019 Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes, HARMO. All rights reserved.Veröffentlichung Comprehensive Analysis of Current Primary Measures to Mitigate Brake Wear Particle Emissions from Light-Duty Vehicles(2023) Storch, Lukas; Eichler, Philipp; Hamatschek, Christopher; Hesse, DavidExhaust regulations and improved exhaust gas treatment systems have already initiated the trend that brings emissions from brakes and tires to the forefront of traffic-induced particulate matter. The health and environmental relevance of particulate matter has resulted in regulators, industry, and research institutions prioritising the mitigation of non-exhaust particle emissions. To this end, under the umbrella of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations (UNECE WP.29), the Working Party on Pollution and Energy (GRPE) mandated the Particle Measurement Programme Informal Working Group (PMP-IWG) to develop a Global Technical Regulation (GTR) for measuring brake dust. The standards and procedures defined within the GTR should eventually form the basis for the introduction of a Euro 7 limit value for brake emissions. The purpose of this measurement campaign is to provide an exemplary overview of the emission behaviour of wheel brakes and friction pairings currently available on the market and to identify possible reduction potential with regard to particulate emissions. All measurements were carried out taking into account the draft GTR valid at the time of execution. For the investigations, brakes were selected using the example of different vehicle classes, brake concepts (disc and drum brake), vehicle axles (front and rear axle), and alternative friction materials (brake disc and pads/shoes). Thus, the use of wear-resistant discs and improved brake pad compositions are able to achieve significantly lower emissions. In addition, the measurement of brake dust emissions from vehicles with different levels of electrification was considered. Electrical braking was modelled and applied to the Worldwide Harmonised Light-Duty Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) Brake Cycle, which has demonstrated high emission reduction potentials depending on the electrification level. © 2023 by the authorsVeröffentlichung Genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing identifies epigenetic perturbations in the upper airways under long-term exposure to moderate levels of ambient air pollution(2023) Messingschlager, Marey; Bartel-Steinbach, Martina; Mackowiak, Sebastian D.; Straff, Wolfgang; Süring, KatrinWhile the link between exposure to high levels of ambient particulate matter (PM) and increased incidences of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases is widely recognized, recent epidemiological studies have shown that low PM concentrations are equally associated with adverse health effects. As DNA methylation is one of the main mechanisms by which cells regulate and stabilize gene expression, changes in the methylome could constitute early indicators of dysregulated signaling pathways. So far, little is known about PM-associated DNA methylation changes in the upper airways, the first point of contact between airborne pollutants and the human body. Here, we focused on cells of the upper respiratory tract and assessed their genome-wide DNA methylation pattern to explore exposure-associated early regulatory changes. Using a mobile epidemiological laboratory, nasal lavage samples were collected from a cohort of 60 adults that lived in districts with records of low (Simmerath) or moderate (Stuttgart) PM10 levels in Germany. PM10 concentrations were verified by particle measurements on the days of the sample collection and genome-wide DNA methylation was determined by enzymatic methyl sequencing at single-base resolution. We identified 231 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between moderately and lowly PM10 exposed individuals. A high proportion of DMRs overlapped with regulatory elements, and DMR target genes were involved in pathways regulating cellular redox homeostasis and immune response. In addition, we found distinct changes in DNA methylation of the HOXA gene cluster whose methylation levels have previously been linked to air pollution exposure but also to carcinogenesis in several instances. The findings of this study suggest that regulatory changes in upper airway cells occur at PM10 levels below current European thresholds, some of which may be involved in the development of air pollution-related diseases. Quelle: Elsevier