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  • Veröffentlichung
    Reference values for lead, cadmium and mercury in the blood of adults from the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, Brazil
    (2013)
    Human biomonitoring is an important tool for the evaluation of environmental exposure to contaminants. The data that are obtained from these studies might be compared to appropriate referencevalues(RVs) in aspecific population. The RVs were derived from the rounded valuesof the upper limit of the 95th confidence interval of the 95th percentile for lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd) and mercury(Hg) in bloodfrom adultsin the metropolitanareaof SaoPaulo(MASP), Brazil to investigate the association between bloodmetals and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Bloodsamples from 653 nonsmoking blood donors without occupational exposure to the studied metals were collected in 2006. Our evaluations distinguished ayounger group (18-39 years) and an older group (40-65 years). RVs in the younger group were 60 Ţg Pb/L and 4 Ţg Hg/L for men and 47 Ţg Pb/L and 4 Ţg Hg/L for women. RVs in the older group were 80 Ţg Pb/L and 5 Ţg Hg/L for men and 63 Ţg Pb/L and 6 Ţg Hg/L for women. The RV for Cd was 0.6 Ţg/L for adultsaged 18-65 years. Pb and Cd levels demonstrated asignificant association with sex and age. Male blood contained 50% more Pb, and the older group exhibited 23% more Pb. Fish consumption and amalgam fillings were primarily related to Hg levels. RVs for lead were similar to the Czech Republic and Germany but higher than the US population. The RV for Cd in Brazil was well below the RVs of these countries. The RVs for Hg in Brazil were similar to the US but higher than Germany and the Czech Republic.Copyright ©2012 Elsevier GmbH.
  • Veröffentlichung
    German health-related environmental monitoring
    (2013)
    The German system of a health-related environmental monitoring is based upon two instruments: The German Environmental Survey (GerES) and the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). The ESB is a tool to describe time trends of human exposure. Each year approx. 500 students from 4 sampling locations are analysed for their heavy metal contents in blood, blood plasma, and urine. GerES is a nationwide representative cross-sectional study that has been conducted four times up to now. Both instruments have been used to measure heavy metals over the last decades and thus provide complementary information.

    Both instruments are useful to describe time trends. However, combining the two has an added value, which is demonstrated for heavy metals for the first time in this paper. Major results and the changing importance of sources of exposure to heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Au, Pt, U and Ni) are shown. This leads to the following conclusion about the today's relevance of exposure in Germany. For the study participants of the city of Muenster, lead in whole blood decreased from about 70 ìg/l in 1981 to levels below 15 ìg/l in 2009. GerES data of young adults confirmed this time trend and GerES IV on children revealed the decreasing relevance of lead in outdoor air and in drinking water. The concentrations of mercury in urine decreased because in Germany it is no longer recommended to use amalgam fillings for children. However, GerES IV and ESB data also demonstrate that despite the decline of these heavy metals exposures to nickel and uranium originating from drinking water are still of importance.

    Quelle: International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health xxx (2013), S.1

  • Veröffentlichung
    Soil organisms as an essential element of a monitoring plan to identify the effects of GMO cultivation
    (2013)
    After a release of genetically modified organisms, monitoring of potential adverse effects on the environmentis mandatory. The protocol used for monitoring should be previously tested in practical studies andmust be standardised. Moreover, sampling methods and the evaluation of results must meet current scientificand technical standards. Due to their particular role in maintaining soil quality and in a multitude ofecological processes in agro-ecosystems, soil organisms belong to those groups for which VDI guidelinesare being developed. The guideline 4331 Part 1 describes fundamental criteria for the selection and sampling of soil organisms for GMO monitoring and gives guidance for sampling design, sampling strategyand statistical evaluation. In the guideline three approaches are followed: (1) a compilation of previouslyknown effects and exposure pathways, (2) a documentation of ecological functions of soil organisms (ecosystemservices) as well as (3) a description of characteristic species compositions in the soil. The aim wasto develop a selection matrix that helps to choose the appropriate animal groups to be sampled. Besidesthe habitat type and the ecological relevance, the selection matrix also considers the suitability of animalgroups in terms of practical issues and, in specific cases, anticipated effects. Further parts of the guideline4331 will describe sampling methods for relevant soil animal groups.Quelle: BioRisk (2013)8, S. 73-87
  • Veröffentlichung
    Marine litter within the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
    (2013)
    There have been numerous anthropogenic-driven changes to our planet in the last half-century. One of the most evident changes is theubiquity and abundance of litter in the marine environment. The EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) establishesa framework within which EU Member States shall take action to achieve or maintain good environmental status (GES) of theirmarine waters by 2020. GES is based on 11 qualitative descriptors as listed in Annex I of the MSFD. Descriptor 10 (D 10) concernsmarine litter. As a follow-up to the related Commission Decision on criteria and methodological standards (2010/477/EU) in which 56indicators for the achievement of GES are proposed, the EC Directorate-General for the Environment, on the request of the EuropeanMarine Directors, established a Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter (TSG ML) under the Working Group on GES. The role of TSG MLis to support Member States through providing scientific and technical background for the implementation of MSFD requirementswith regard to D 10. Started in 2011, TSG ML provides technical recommendations for the implementation of the MSFD requirementsfor marine litter. It summarizes the available information on monitoring approaches and considers how GES and environmental targetscould be defined with the aim of preventing further inputs of litter to, and reducing its total amount in, the marine environment. Italso identifies research needs, priorities and strategies in support of the implementation of D 10. The work of TSG ML also focuses onthe specification of monitoring methods through the development of monitoring protocols for litter in the different marine compartments,and for microplastics and litter in biota. Further consideration is being given to monitoring strategies in general and associatedcosts. Other priorities include the identification of sources of marine litter and a better understanding of the harm caused by marine litter.
    Quelle: http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/
  • Veröffentlichung
    German health-related environmental monitoring: Assessing time trends of the general population̷s exposure to heavy metals
    (2013)
    The German system of a health-related environmental monitoring is based upon two instruments: The German Environmental Survey (GerES) and the Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). The ESB is a tool to describe time trends of human exposure. Each year approx. 500 students from 4 sampling locations are analysed for their heavy metal contents in blood, blood plasma, and urine. GerES is a nationwide representative cross-sectional study that has been conducted four times up to now. Both instruments have been used to measure heavy metals over the last decades and thus provide complementary information.Both instruments are useful to describe time trends. However, combining the two has an added value, which is demonstrated for heavy metals for the first time in this paper. Major results and the changing importance of sources of exposure to heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, Au, Pt, U and Ni) are shown. This leads to the following conclusion about the today's relevance of exposure in Germany. For the study participants of the city of Muenster, lead in whole blood decreased from about 70 ìg/l in 1981 to levels below 15 ìg/l in 2009. GerES data of young adults confirmed this time trend and GerES IV on children revealed the decreasing relevance of lead in outdoor air and in drinking water. The concentrations of mercury in urine decreased because in Germany it is no longer recommended to use amalgam fillings for children. However, GerES IV and ESB data also demonstrate that despite the decline of these heavy metals exposures to nickel and uranium originating from drinking water are still of importance.
    Quelle: http://www.sciencedirect.com/
  • Veröffentlichung
    Spatial and temporal trends of metals and arsenic in German freshwater compartments
    (2014)
    Cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, nickel, zinc, and arsenic were analyzed in suspendedparticulate matter(SPM),zebra mussels, and bream sampled yearly under the program of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) in the rivers Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Saar, Mulde, and Saale and in Lake Belau. Temporal and spatial trends were analyzed, correlations between metal levels in different specimen types assessed, and sampling sites ranked according to their metal levels by calculating a Multi-Metal Index (MMI) for everyspecimen typeand site. SPM: Highest metal loads were detected in Mulde, Saale, and Elbe right downstream of the Saale confluence. In the Elbe, metal loads in SPM were mostly highest in the upper and middle section of the river while in Rhine and Saar concentrations increased downstream. Temporal trends since 2005 were detected only at three sites.Zebramussel: MMIs were highest in the tidal section of the Elbe and the lower Rhine and lowest in Lake Belau and the upper Danube. Different temporal trends were detected since the early 1990s depending on site and metal. Bream: As, Pb, Cu, and Hg were analyzed in muscle tissue and Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in liver. For both tissues, MMIs were highest in Mulde and Saale and the lower and middle Elbe. Since the early 1990s, Hg, Pb, and Cu decreased in bream muscle at many sites while As increased at 6 of the 17 sites. The findings indicate that Hg, Pb, and Cu have obviously decreased in many freshwater ecosystems in recent years, whereas As and Ni levels have increased at several sites. Metal levels and temporal trends mostly differed between the specimen types under investigation and only few correlations between specimen types were detected. This underlines the importance of including different components of an ecosystem when assessing its environmental quality. Quelle: http://link.springer.com
  • Veröffentlichung
    Progress in Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring and Modelling
    (2014)
    The chapter reviews progress in monitoring and modelling of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition at regional and global scales. The Working Group expressed confidence in the inorganic N wet deposition estimates in U.S., eastern Canada, Europe and parts of East Asia. But, long-term wet or dry N deposition information in large parts of Asia, South America, parts of Africa, Australia/Oceania, and oceans and coastal areas is lacking. Presently, robust estimates are only available for inorganic N as existing monitoring generally does not measure the complete suite of N species, impeding the closing of the atmospheric N budget. The most important species not routinely measured are nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia (NH3), organic N and nitric acid (HNO3). Uncertainty is much higher in dry deposition than in wet deposition estimates. Inferential modelling (combining air concentrations with exchange rates) and direct flux measurements are good tools to estimate dry deposition; however, they are not widely applied. There is a lack of appropriate parameterizations for different land uses and compounds for input into inferential models. There is also a lack of direct dry deposition flux measurements to test inferential models and atmospheric model estimates. Quelle: http://link.springer.com
  • Veröffentlichung
    Monitoring von gesundheitsgefährdenden Nagetieren
    (2014)
    Nagetiere sind Reservoirwirte für zoonotische Krankheitserreger, die auf Mensch, Haus- und Nutztiere übertragen werden können und dort z. T. schwere Erkrankungen hervorrufen. Solche Zoonoseerreger repräsentieren mehr als zwei Drittel der heute bekannten humanpathogenen Krankheitserreger. Die Epidemiologie einiger Zoonoseerreger (z. B. Hantaviren) ist an die Populationsdynamik von Nagetieren gebunden. Kommt es zu einer Massenvermehrung bei der Reservoirart, können gehäuft Humanerkrankungen auftreten. Bei anderen Nagetier-übertragenen Zoonoseerregern sind solche Phänomene nicht bekannt; z. T. ist die Nagetierwirtsspezifität dieser Erreger noch unklar. Ein Monitoring relevanter Nagetierpopulationen und assoziierter zoonotischer Pathogene ist unabdingbar, um 1.) die Verbreitung und Epidemiologie der Zoonoseerreger zu verstehen und 2.) Vorhersagesysteme für Zoonoseausbrüche zu entwickeln. Momentan existieren in Deutschland aber keine systematischen und langfristigen Aktivitäten, weil sich Monitoringvorhaben im Wesentlichen auf den Bereich Pflanzenschutz [Feldmaus (Microtus arvalis), forstschädliche Nagetiere] beschränken. Jedoch gab es seit dem Jahr 2000 projektspezifische Arbeiten über jeweils wenige Jahre und Monitoringprogramme zum Vorkommen vor allem von Wanderratten (Rattus norvegicus) in Niedersachen und Hamburg. Dank der intensiven Zusammenarbeit von Behörden und Forschungseinrichtungen ist es gelungen, zahlreiche Informationen zur Verbreitung und Bedeutung Nagetier-übertragener Zoonosen zu sammeln. Für das Verständnis der Verbindung zwischen Nagetier-Populationsdynamik und dem Zoonosegeschehen und speziell zur Entwicklung von Risikoprognosen sind aber räumlich und zeitlich ausgedehnte Monitoringprogramme erforderlich. Dabei sollten bestehende Netzwerke und Kooperationsbeziehungen genutzt, weitere Kooperationspartner (z. B. Schädlingsbekämpfungsfirmen) einbezogen und Synergien der unterschiedlichen Forschungsbereiche genutzt werden.
    © www.link.springer.com
  • Veröffentlichung
    Monitoring von Oberflächengewässern in Europa
    (2014) Arle, Jens; Irmer, Ulrich; Mohaupt, Volker
    Die Europäische Umwelt-Agentur (EUA) legte im Jahr 2012 mehrere umfassende Berichte zu den Ergebnissen des europäischen Monitorings gemäß EG-WRRL vor. Diese Berichte basieren auf Auswertungen der von den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen der offiziellen Berichterstattung zur EG-WRRL an die EU übermittelten Daten (WISE-WFD Datenbank) sowie zusätzlichen Daten aus den Mitgliedstaaten, welche die MS der EUA freiwillig in jährlichem Turnus zur Verfügung stellen. Derzeit erreichen nach Auswertungen der EUA mehr als die Hälfte der europäischen Oberflächenwasserkörper den "guten ökologischen Zustand" bzw. das "gute ökologische Potenzial" nicht. Die europäischen Fließgewässer und Übergangsgewässer weisen einen in Mittel deutlich schlechteren ökologischen Zustand auf und sind deutlich stärkeren Belastungen ausgesetzt als Seen und Küstengewässer. Als Hauptbelastungsgruppen der europäischen Fließgewässer haben die Mitgliedstaaten diffuse Nährstoffeinträge und hydromorphologische Belastungen identifiziert. Beim Grundwasser erreichen derzeit etwa 25 % der Wasserkörper (bezogen auf die Fläche) nicht den guten chemischen Zustand, wobei in den meisten Fällen zu hohe Nitrat-Konzentrationen verantwortlich sind. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse des Monitorings zeigen, dass trotz der deutlichen Verbesserung der Gewässerqualität in den vergangenen 20 Jahren weitere Anstrengungen und Maßnahmen, z. B. zur Verringerung der Nährstoffausträge aus der Landwirtschaft und zur Förderung natürlicher Gewässerstrukturen, in den kommenden Jahren erforderlich sind, um die anspruchsvollen Ziele der EG-WRRL zu erreichen. Quelle: http://www.dwa.de
  • Veröffentlichung
    Pharmaceuticals in the environment
    (2014) Küster, Anette; Adler, Nicole
    During the past two decades scientists, regulatory agencies and the European Commission have acknowledged pharmaceuticals to be an emerging environmental problem. In parallel, a regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pharmaceutical products has been developed. Since the regulatory guidelines came into force the German Federal Agency (UBA) has been evaluating ERAs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical products before they are marketed. The results show that approximately 10% of pharmaceutical products are of note regarding their potential environmental risk. For human medicinal products, hormones, antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants and antineoplastics indicated an environmental risk. For veterinary products, hormones, antibiotics and parasiticides were most often discussed as being environmentally relevant. These results are in good correlation with the results within the open scientific literature of prioritization approaches for pharmaceuticals in the environment. UBA results revealed that prospective approaches, such as ERA of pharmaceuticals, play an important role in minimizing problems caused by pharmaceuticals in the environment. However, the regulatory ERA framework could be improved by (i) inclusion of the environment in the risk-benefit analysis for human pharmaceuticals, (ii) improvement of risk management options, (iii) generation of data on existing pharmaceuticals, and (iv) improving the availability of ERA data. In addition, more general and integrative steps of regulation, legislation and research have been developed and are presented in this article. In order to minimize the quantity of pharmaceuticals in the environment these should aim to (i) improve the existing legislation for pharmaceuticals, (ii) prioritize pharmaceuticals in the environment and (iii) improve the availability and collection of pharmaceutical data.
    Quelle: http://www.researchgate.net/