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Veröffentlichung Risk and monitoring based indicators of receiving water status(2013)The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) was enacted in the year 2000 with a stepwise approach. After legal implementation in the various member states large efforts were undertaken for the initial characterization of water bodies, risk assessment, to implement extensive monitoring schemes and to develop management plans at different aggregation levels by the year 2010. The initial characterization process and risk assessment had to be finalized by 2004 and delineated water bodies including a typological classification and identified the significant pressures and impacts in a screening procedure. In parallel, monitoring programmes and new biological indicator systems were developed in order to proof and refine the results of the risk assessment with an ecological indicator based assessment in a subsequent step which was finalized in 2009. Although the risk assessment for Germany was based on existing data that were originally collected for other purposes and came from a large variety of environmental or economical sectors, the results differ only slightly from the monitoring and indicator based information with respect to classifications of the 'ecological status' and 'chemical status'. From this result we conclude that a risk assessment based on a careful application and intelligent combination of existing data sources with proven quality allows the recognition of trends and the identification of priorities for action of measures already at an early stage of a management process. However, monitoring schemes and advanced sets of ecological indicators are essential in later management steps both for narrowing uncertainties remaining from the risk assessment and to allow for effect controls of implemented measures. Moreover, these monitoring indicators should differentiate the effects of multiple stressors more factor specific and with respect to ecosystem states and functions. In conclusion, we see risk and indicator based assessments as complementary elements in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which have to be linked in systematic and phased procedures. © 2013 IWA Publishing.Veröffentlichung Monitoring von Oberflächengewässern in Europa(2014) Arle, Jens; Irmer, Ulrich; Mohaupt, VolkerDie Europäische Umwelt-Agentur (EUA) legte im Jahr 2012 mehrere umfassende Berichte zu den Ergebnissen des europäischen Monitorings gemäß EG-WRRL vor. Diese Berichte basieren auf Auswertungen der von den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen der offiziellen Berichterstattung zur EG-WRRL an die EU übermittelten Daten (WISE-WFD Datenbank) sowie zusätzlichen Daten aus den Mitgliedstaaten, welche die MS der EUA freiwillig in jährlichem Turnus zur Verfügung stellen. Derzeit erreichen nach Auswertungen der EUA mehr als die Hälfte der europäischen Oberflächenwasserkörper den "guten ökologischen Zustand" bzw. das "gute ökologische Potenzial" nicht. Die europäischen Fließgewässer und Übergangsgewässer weisen einen in Mittel deutlich schlechteren ökologischen Zustand auf und sind deutlich stärkeren Belastungen ausgesetzt als Seen und Küstengewässer. Als Hauptbelastungsgruppen der europäischen Fließgewässer haben die Mitgliedstaaten diffuse Nährstoffeinträge und hydromorphologische Belastungen identifiziert. Beim Grundwasser erreichen derzeit etwa 25 % der Wasserkörper (bezogen auf die Fläche) nicht den guten chemischen Zustand, wobei in den meisten Fällen zu hohe Nitrat-Konzentrationen verantwortlich sind. Die bisherigen Ergebnisse des Monitorings zeigen, dass trotz der deutlichen Verbesserung der Gewässerqualität in den vergangenen 20 Jahren weitere Anstrengungen und Maßnahmen, z. B. zur Verringerung der Nährstoffausträge aus der Landwirtschaft und zur Förderung natürlicher Gewässerstrukturen, in den kommenden Jahren erforderlich sind, um die anspruchsvollen Ziele der EG-WRRL zu erreichen. Quelle: http://www.dwa.deVeröffentlichung Bioaccumulation in aquatic systems: methodological approaches, monitoring and assessment(2015)Bioaccumulation, the accumulation of a chemical in an organism relative to its level in the ambient medium, is of major environmental concern. Thus, monitoring chemical concentrations in biota are widely and increasingly used for assessing the chemical status of aquatic ecosystems. In this paper, various scientific and regulatory aspects of bioaccumulation in aquatic systems and the relevant critical issues are discussed. Monitoring chemical concentrations in biota can be used for compliance checking with regulatory directives, for identification of chemical sources or event-related environmental risk assessment. Assessing bioaccumulation in the field is challenging since many factors have to be considered that can affect the accumulation of a chemical in an organism. Passive sampling can complement biota monitoring since samplers with standardised partition properties can be used over a wide temporal and geographical range. Bioaccumulation is also assessed for regulation of chemicals of environmental concern whereby mainly data from laboratory studies on fish bioaccumulation are used. Field data can, however, provide additional important information for regulators. Strategies for bioaccumulation assessment still need to be harmonised for different regulations and groups of chemicals. To create awareness for critical issues and to mutually benefit from technical expertise and scientific findings, communication between risk assessment and monitoring communities needs to be improved. Scientists can support the establishment of new monitoring programs for bioaccumulation, e.g. in the frame of the amended European Environmental Quality Standard Directive. Quelle: http://link.springer.comVeröffentlichung Monitoring of Surface Waters in Germany under the Water Framework Directive ̶ A Review of Approaches, Methods and Results(2016) Arle, Jens; Kirst, Ingo; Mohaupt, VolkerThe European CommissionWater Framework Directive (WFD) was established 16 years agoand forms the current basis for monitoring surface waters and groundwater in Europe. This legislationresulted in a necessary adaptation of the monitoring networks and programs for rivers, lakes,and transitional and coastal waters to the requirements of the WFD at German and Europeanlevels. The present study reviews the most important objectives of both the monitoring of surfacewaters and the principles of the WFD monitoring plan. Furthermore, we look at the changes watermonitoring in Germany has undergone over the past sixteen years and we summarize monitoringresults from German surfaces waters under the WFD. Comparisons of European approaches forbiological assessments, of standards set for physical and chemical factors and of environmental quality standards for pollutants reveal the necessity for further European-wide harmonization. The objectiveof this harmonization is to improve comparability of the assessment of the ecological status of watersin Europe, and thus also to more coherently activate action programs of measures.
Quelle: Monitoring of Surface Waters in Germany under the Water Framework Directive - A Review of Approaches, Methods and Results / Jens Arle [Mitverf.] ; Volker Mohaupt [Mitverf.] ;Ingo Kirst [Mitverf.]. - 22 S.: graph. Darst., Kt. In: Water 2016, 8 (6).Veröffentlichung Erfolgsfaktoren der Gewässerentwicklung(2016) Arle, Jens; Pottgiesser, Tanja; Mohaupt, Volker; Naumann, Stephan15 Jahre nach Einführung der EG-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie verfehlendie Mehrzahl der Gewässer immer noch die gestecktenUmweltziele. Hauptgründe sind morphologische Veränderungenund Abflussregulierungen der Flüsse sowie Belastungen mitNähr- und Schadstoffen. Das ist nicht zuletzt darin begründet,dass die Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Gewässerentwicklungbislang noch nicht in ausreichendem Maße erfolgt ist. Es gibt inDeutschland immer noch eine Reihe von fachlichen sowie administrativ-rechtlichen Problemen und Restriktionen, die die erfolgreicheUmsetzung von Gewässerentwicklungsmaßnahmenim notwendigen Umfang ver- oder behindern. Daher fand vom
10. bis 11. Mai 2016 der dritte UBA-Workshop "Hydromorphologie"mit dem Schwerpunkt "Erfolgsfaktoren der Gewässerentwicklung"statt. Rund 120 Teilnehmer diskutierten an WorldCafé Tischen und in Workshops die fachlichen Grundlagen undstrategische Instrumente der Flächenbereitstellung, die Planungund Umsetzung hydromorphologischer Maßnahmen sowie derenAkzeptanz in der Öffentlichkeit und die Messung und Bewertungdes Erfolgs hydromorphologischer Maßnahmen. In: Korrespondenz Wasserwirtschaft : KW ; Organ der DWA ; Wasser, Boden, Natur. - 9 (2016), H. 9, S. 520Veröffentlichung Biota monitoring and the Water Framework Directive-can normalization overcome shortcomings in sampling strategies?(2016) Fliedner, Anette; Rüdel, Heinz; Teubner, Diana; Buchmeier, Geogia; Koschorreck, Jan; Lowis, Jaqueline; Heiss, Christiane; Wellmitz, JörgWe compare the results of different monitoring programs regarding spatial and temporal trends of priority hazardous substances of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). Fish monitoring data for hexachlorobenzene (HCB), mercury (Hg), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) sampled in German freshwaters between the mid-1990s and 2014 were evaluated according to the recommendations of the 2014 adopted WFD guidance document on biota monitoring, i.e., normalization to 5 % lipid content (HCB) or 26 % dry mass (Hg, PFOS) and adjustment to trophic level (TL) 4. Data of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) (annual pooled samples of bream) were compared to monitoring data of the German federal states (FS), which refer to individual fish of different species. Significant decreasing trends (p < 0.01) were detected for Hg in bream (Abramis brama) sampled by both, the ESB and the FS between 1993 and 2013 but not for FS samples comprising different fish species. Data for HCB and PFOS were more heterogeneous due to a smaller database and gave no consistent results. Obviously, normalization could not compensate differences in sampling strategies. The results suggest that the data treatment procedure proposed in the guidance document has shortcomings and emphasize the importance of highly standardized sampling programs in trend monitoring or whenever results between sites have to be compared. Quelle: www.springer.comVeröffentlichung Nutzung der Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse des Biotamonitorings der Umweltprobenbank für die Umsetzung des WRRL-Fischmonitorings(2019) Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Koschorreck, JanDie Umweltprobenbank des Bundes (UPB) ist ein wichtiger Grundpfeiler der Umweltbeobachtung in Deutschland und ist bestrebt, die Länderbehörden bei neuen Anforderungen an das Umweltmonitoring zu unterstützen. So wurde eine Reihe von Studien durchgeführt, die für die Umsetzung des Wasserrahmenrichtlinien-Fischmonitorings von Interesse sind. Zum einen wurde die Wirksamkeit einer Datennormalisierung auf 26 % Trockenmasse (TM) oder 5 % Fettgehalt und Trophiestufe 4 (TS 4) erprobt, die im EU WRRL-Leitfaden Nr. 32 vorgeschlagen wird und dazu dienen soll, die Vergleichbarkeit heterogener Monitoringdaten zu erhöhen. Zum anderen wurde die Umrechnung von Schadstoffkonzentrationen im Filet auf Ganzfischkonzentrationen geprüft, um angepasste Risikobewertungen für Wildtiere und die menschliche Gesundheit zu ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Einhaltung der Umweltqualitätsnormen (UQN) und die zeitlichen Verläufe der im Rahmen des WRRLFischmonitorings zu erfassenden organischen Stoffe an den 17 UPB-Messstellen (MS) in deutschen Flüssen und Seen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Normalisierung von Quecksilber- und PFOS-Daten auf 26 % TM die Vergleichbarkeit unterschiedlicher Datensätze nicht erhöht. Eine Normalisierung auf 5 % Fett bei lipophilen Stoffen hatte dagegen deutliche Effekte. Eine Standardisierung auf TS 4, die sich auf Standardwerte für die Trophiestufen der Fische stützt und nicht auf tatsächlich gemessenen TS- Werte, führte nicht zu einer erhöhten Vergleichbarkeit zwischen verschiedenen Fischarten. Die UQN von Dicofol, HBCDD und HCB wurden von Brassen aller MS eingehalten, während flächendeckende Überschreitungen für PBDE beobachtet wurden. Die UQN-Einhaltung der übrigen Stoffe war abhängig vom Standort. An den meisten MS hat die Belastung der Fische seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre abgenommen. In: Korrespondenz Wasserwirtschaft : KW ; Organ der DWA ; Wasser, Boden, Natur - 12 (2019), Heft 6, Seite 336Veröffentlichung A field study in support of the monitoring of priority substances in German freshwater fish: derivation of fillet-to-whole fish conversion factors(2020) Rüdel, Heinz; Duffek, Anja; Radermacher, Georg; Fliedner, AnnetteBackground
Bioaccumulating contaminants in surface waters are preferably monitored in fish for assessing the related risks to and via the aquatic environment. Consequently, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires a monitoring of certain priority substances such as mercury, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and its derivatives (PFOS), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDD) and polychlorinated dioxins/dioxin-like compounds (dioxins) in freshwater and coastal fish. Tissue levels have to comply with biota environmental quality standards (EQSs) given in Directive 2013/39/EU. EQSs are justified either by risks for human health (assessed on the basis of fillet) or secondary poisoning of wildlife (based on whole fish). To support the practical implementation of the WFD biota monitoring in Germany, comparative investigations of target fish species caught at six sites were performed.Results
At each site, at least three fish species listed in a national guidance document were sampled (e.g., chub, roach, bream, perch). Beside biometric data, concentrations of seven priority substances were determined in pooled fillet and carcass samples and whole fish data were calculated. The EQSs for PBDE and mercury were exceeded in nearly all fillet and whole fish samples. PFOS was above the EQS at several sites especially in perch, while HCB exceeded the EQS only at one site (Elbe River). All fillet and whole fish samples complied with the EQSs for dioxins and HBCDD. Based on wet weight concentrations of a homogeneous set of 20 composite sample pairs of 3â€Ì5 year-old fish, the following fillet-to-whole fish conversion factors were derived: mercury 0.81, PBDE 5.4, HCB 3.6, PFOS 2.7, dioxins 5.3, and HBCDD 1.8.Conclusions
Recommendations on selection of target fish species, age or tissue given by EU and national guidance documents are practical and feasible. However, further adjustments of the samplings such as the determination of site-specific length-age relationships are required from both ecological and risk assessment perspectives. The derived conversion factors allow the translation of fillet-to-whole fish concentrations (and vice versa), and thus the EQS compliance assessment for the appropriate tissue (fillet for human health, whole fish for wildlife risks) if only one tissue is investigated. Quelle: https://link.springer.comVeröffentlichung Selection and application of trophic magnification factors for priority substances to normalize freshwater fish monitoring data under the European Water Framework Directive: a case study(2020) Rüdel, Heinz; Duffek, Anja; Kosfeld, Verena; Fliedner, Annette; Koschorreck, Jan; Rauert, CarenBackground The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires the monitoring of biota-preferably fish - to check the compliance of tissue concentrations of priority substances (PS) against substance-specific environmental quality standards (EQSs). In monitoring programs, different fish species are covered, which often are secondary consumers with a trophic level (TL) of about 3. For harmonization, a normalization of monitoring data to a common trophic level is proposed, i.e., TL 4 (predatory fish) in freshwaters, so that data would be sufficiently protective. For normalization, the biomagnification properties of the chemicals can be considered by applying substance-specific trophic magnification factors (TMFs). Alternatively, TL-corrected biomagnification factors (BMFTLs) may be applied. Since it is impractical to derive site-specific TMFs or BMFTLs, often data from literature will be used for normalization. However, available literature values for TMFs and BMFTLs are quite varying. In the present study, the use of literature-derived TMFs and BMFTLs in data normalization is studied more closely. Results An extensive literature evaluation was conducted to identify appropriate TMFs for the WFD PS polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), hexachlorobenzene, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), dioxins and dioxin-like compounds (PCDD/F+dl-PCB), hexabromocyclododecane, and mercury. The TMFs eventually derived were applied to PS monitoring data sets of fish from different trophic levels (chub, bream, roach, and perch) from two German rivers. For comparison, PFOS and PBDE data were also normalized using literature-retrieved BMFTLs. Conclusions The evaluation illustrates that published TMFs and BMFTLs for WFD PS are quite variable and the selection of appropriate values for TL 4 normalization can be challenging. The normalized concentrations partly included large uncertainties when considering the range of selected TMFs, but indicated whether an EQS exceedance at TL 4 can be expected. Normalization of the fish monitoring data revealed that levels of substances accumulating in the food web (TMF or BMF>1) can be underestimated when relying on fish with TL<4 for EQS compliance assessment. The evaluation also revealed that TMF specifically derived for freshwater ecosystems in Europe would be advantageous. Field-derived BMFTLs seemed to be no appropriate alternative to TMFs, because they can vary even stronger than TMFs. © The Author(s) 2020