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Veröffentlichung Survey of mercury, cadmium and lead content of household batteries(2014) Recknagel, Sebastian; Radant, Hendrik; Kohlmeyer, ReginaThe objective of this work was to provide updated information on the development of the potentialimpact of heavy metal containing batteries on municipal waste and battery recycling processes followingtransposition of the new EU Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC. A representative sample of 146 differenttypes of commercially available dry and button cells as well as lithium-ion accumulators for mobilephones were analysed for their mercury (Hg)-, cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contents. The methods usedfor preparing the cells and analysing the heavy metals Hg, Cd, and Pb were either developed during a formerstudy or newly developed. Several batteries contained higher mass fractions of mercury or cadmiumthan the EU limits. Only half of the batteries with mercury and/or lead fractions above the markingthresholds were labelled. Alkaline-manganese mono-cells and Li-ion accumulators, on average, containedthe lowest heavy metal concentrations, while zinc-carbon batteries, on average, contained thehighest levels.Quelle: Waste Management 34 (2014) 156-161Veröffentlichung Hair mercury and urinary cadmium levels in Belgian children and their mothers within the framework of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES projects(2014)A harmonized human biomonitoring pilot study was set up within the frame of the European projects DEMOCOPHES and COPHES. In 17 European countries, biomarkers of some environmental pollutants, including urinary cadmium and hair mercury, were measured in children and their mothers in order to obtain European-wide comparison values on these chemicals. The Belgian participant population consisted in 129 school children (6-11 years) and their mothers (= 45 years) living in urban or rural areas of Belgium.The geometric mean levels for mercury in hair were 0.383 ìg/g and 0.204 ìg/g for respectively mothers and children. Cadmium in mother's and children's urine was detected at a geometric mean concentration of respectively 0.21 and 0.04 ìg/l. For both biomarkers, levels measured in the mothers and their child were correlated. While the urinary cadmium levels increased with age, no trend was found for hair mercury content, except the fact that mothers hold higher levels than children. The hair mercury content increased significantly with the number of dental amalgam fillings, explaining partially the higher levels in the mothers by their higher presence rate of these amalgams compared to children. Fish or seafood consumption was the other main parameter determining the mercury levels in hair. No relationship was found between smoking status and cadmium or mercury levels, but the studied population included very few smokers. Urinary cadmium levels were higher in both mothers and children living in urban areas, while for mercury this difference was only significant for children. Our small population showed urinary cadmium and hair mercury levels lower than the health based guidelines suggested by the WHO or the JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives). Only 1% had cadmium level slightly higher than the German HBM-I value (1 ìg/l for adults), and 9% exceeded the 1 ìg mercury/g hair suggested by the US EPA.
Quelle: http://www.sciencedirect.com/Veröffentlichung Transport of perfluoroalkyl acids in a water-saturated sediment(2014) Klitzke, Sondra; Möller, Axel; Vierke, LenaThe objective of this work was to provide updated information on the development of the potentialimpact of heavy metal containing batteries on municipal waste and battery recycling processes followingtransposition of the new EU Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC. A representative sample of 146 differenttypes of commercially available dry and button cells as well as lithium-ion accumulators for mobilephones were analysed for their mercury (Hg)-, cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contents. The methods usedfor preparing the cells and analysing the heavy metals Hg, Cd, and Pb were either developed during a formerstudy or newly developed. Several batteries contained higher mass fractions of mercury or cadmiumthan the EU limits. Only half of the batteries with mercury and/or lead fractions above the markingthresholds were labelled. Alkaline-manganese mono-cells and Li-ion accumulators, on average, containedthe lowest heavy metal concentrations, while zinc-carbon batteries, on average, contained thehighest levels.
Quelle: ©2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reservedVeröffentlichung Mercury Exposure in Ireland: Results of the DEMOCOPHES Human Biomonitoring Study(2014)Background: Monitoring of human exposure to mercury is important due to its adverse health effects. This study aimed to determine the extent of mercury exposure among mothers and their children in Ireland, and to identify factors associated with elevated levels. It formed part of the Demonstration of a study to Coordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES) pilot biomonitoring study. Methods: Hair mercury concentrations were determined from a convenience sample of 120 mother/child pairs. Mothers also completed a questionnaire. Rigorous quality assurance within DEMOCOPHES guaranteed the accuracy and international comparability of results. Results: Mercury was detected in 79.2% of the samples from mothers, and 62.5% of childrens samples. Arithmetic mean levels in mothers (0.262 Ţg/g hair) and children (0.149 Ţg /g hair) did not exceed the US EPA guidance value. Levels were significantly higher for those with higher education, and those who consumed more fish. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the benefit of human biomonitoring for assessing and comparing internal exposure levels, both on a population and an individual basis. It enables the potential harmful impact of mercury to be minimised in those highly exposed, and can therefore significantly contribute to population health. Quelle: http://www.mdpi.comVeröffentlichung Critical Loads of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and Their Exceedances in Europe(2015)In this chapter information is summarized on the assessment of the risk of impacts of cadmium, lead and mercury emissions and related depositions of these metals, with an emphasis on natural areas in Europe. Depositions are compared to critical loads to identify areas in Europe where critical loads are exceeded. Critical loads of cadmium, lead and mercury were based on (i) computations by 18 Parties to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) and (ii) computations from available data on soil chemistry, meteorology and land cover for the other Parties. Two target years are considered, i.e. 2010 and 2020. Emissions for these years have been assessed in support of the negotiations for the review and possible revision of the Heavy metal protocol (Aarhus 1998). The relationship between emissions, depositions and critical load exceedances is analysed assuming the implementation of abatement techniques under Current LEgislation in 2010 (CLE2010) and in 2020 under Full Implementation of the Aarhus protocol (FI2020). Comparing the critical loads to atmospheric depositions in these years, shows that cadmium deposition is not a widespread risk in either years, that the computed risk of lead deposition affects about 22 and 16?% of natural European area in 2010 and 2020, respectively, and that mercury deposition is computed to affect an area of more than 74?% in both years.Quelle: http://link.springer.comVeröffentlichung Pilot study testing a European human biomonitoring framework for biomarkers of chemical exposure in children and their mothers: experiences in the UK(2015)Exposure to a number of environmental chemicals in UK mothers and children has been assessed as part of the European biomonitoring pilot study, Demonstration of a Study to Coordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES). For the European-funded project, 17 countries tested the biomonitoring guidelines and protocols developed by COPHES. The results from the pilot study in the UK are presented; 21 school children aged 6-11 years old and their mothers provided hair samples to measure mercury and urine samples, to measure cadmium, cotinine and several phthalate metabolites: mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl)phthalate (5OH-MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl)phthalate (5oxo-MEHP) and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP). Questionnaire data was collected on environment, health and lifestyle. Mercury in hair was higher in children who reported frequent consumption of fish (geometric mean 0.35 ìg/g) compared to those that ate fish less frequently (0.13 ìg/g, p?=?0.002). Cadmium accumulates with age as demonstrated by higher levels of urinary cadmium in the mothers (geometric mean 0.24 ìg/L) than in the children(0.14 ìg/L). None of the mothers reported being regular smokers, and this was evident with extremely low levels of cotinine measured (maximum value 3.6 ìg/L in mothers, 2.4 ìg/L in children). Very low levels of the phthalate metabolites were also measured in both mothers and children (geometric means in mothers: 5OH-MEHP 8.6 ìg/L, 5oxo-MEHP 5.1 ìg/L, MEHP 1.2 ìg/L, MEP 26.8 ìg/L, MiBP 17.0 ìg/L, MBzP 1.6 ìg/L and MnBP 13.5 ìg/L; and in children: 5OH-MEHP 18.4 ìg/L, 5oxo-MEHP 11.4 ìg/L, MEHP 1.4 ìg/L, MEP 14.3 ìg/L, MiBP 25.8 ìg/L, MBzP 3.5 ìg/L and MnBP 22.6 ìg/L). All measured biomarker levels were similarto or below population-based reference values published by the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and Germanys GerES surveys. No results were above available health guidance values and were of no concern with regards to health. The framework and techniques learnt here will assist with future work on biomonitoring in the UK. Quelle: http://link.springer.comVeröffentlichung Global burden of disease of mercury used in artisanal small-scale gold mining(2017) Steckling, Nadine; Plaß, Dietrich; Hornberg, Claudia; Ericson, Bret; Tobollik, MyriamVeröffentlichung Nutzung der Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse des Biotamonitorings der Umweltprobenbank für die Umsetzung des WRRL-Fischmonitorings(2019) Fliedner, Annette; Rüdel, Heinz; Koschorreck, JanDie Umweltprobenbank des Bundes (UPB) ist ein wichtiger Grundpfeiler der Umweltbeobachtung in Deutschland und ist bestrebt, die Länderbehörden bei neuen Anforderungen an das Umweltmonitoring zu unterstützen. So wurde eine Reihe von Studien durchgeführt, die für die Umsetzung des Wasserrahmenrichtlinien-Fischmonitorings von Interesse sind. Zum einen wurde die Wirksamkeit einer Datennormalisierung auf 26 % Trockenmasse (TM) oder 5 % Fettgehalt und Trophiestufe 4 (TS 4) erprobt, die im EU WRRL-Leitfaden Nr. 32 vorgeschlagen wird und dazu dienen soll, die Vergleichbarkeit heterogener Monitoringdaten zu erhöhen. Zum anderen wurde die Umrechnung von Schadstoffkonzentrationen im Filet auf Ganzfischkonzentrationen geprüft, um angepasste Risikobewertungen für Wildtiere und die menschliche Gesundheit zu ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus wurden die Einhaltung der Umweltqualitätsnormen (UQN) und die zeitlichen Verläufe der im Rahmen des WRRLFischmonitorings zu erfassenden organischen Stoffe an den 17 UPB-Messstellen (MS) in deutschen Flüssen und Seen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Normalisierung von Quecksilber- und PFOS-Daten auf 26 % TM die Vergleichbarkeit unterschiedlicher Datensätze nicht erhöht. Eine Normalisierung auf 5 % Fett bei lipophilen Stoffen hatte dagegen deutliche Effekte. Eine Standardisierung auf TS 4, die sich auf Standardwerte für die Trophiestufen der Fische stützt und nicht auf tatsächlich gemessenen TS- Werte, führte nicht zu einer erhöhten Vergleichbarkeit zwischen verschiedenen Fischarten. Die UQN von Dicofol, HBCDD und HCB wurden von Brassen aller MS eingehalten, während flächendeckende Überschreitungen für PBDE beobachtet wurden. Die UQN-Einhaltung der übrigen Stoffe war abhängig vom Standort. An den meisten MS hat die Belastung der Fische seit Anfang der 2000er Jahre abgenommen. In: Korrespondenz Wasserwirtschaft : KW ; Organ der DWA ; Wasser, Boden, Natur - 12 (2019), Heft 6, Seite 336Veröffentlichung Artisanal and small-scale gold mining: A cross-sectional assessment of occupational mercury exposure and exposure risk factors in Kadoma and Shurugwi, Zimbabwe(2020) Mambrey, Viola; Rakete, Stefan; Tobollik, MyriamIn artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) the toxic metal mercury is used for gold extraction. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to assess mercury concentrations in urine and blood and mercury-related symptoms of participants identifying themselves as miners from Kadoma and Shurugwi, Zimbabwe. Moreover, we aimed to explore possible risk factors influencing mercury body burden. In 2019, urine and blood samples of 207 participants were collected and analyzed for mercury using atomic absorption spectroscopy. All participants answered questions regarding their exposure risks. The median urine mercury value was 4.75 my g/L with a maximum of 612 my g/L. Median mercury concentration in creatinine corrected urine values was 3.98 my g/g with a maximum value of 478 my g/g. The median blood mercury value was 2.70 ÎÌg/L with a maximum of 167 my g/L. Correlations between exposure risks factors such as the lack of retort use and elevated mercury values were demonstrated. ASGM is very common in Zimbabwe. Thus, mercury exposure is a major occupational health risk for miners. Moreover, this study emphasizes the impact of exposure risk factors on the mercury body burden. © 2020 The Authors