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Veröffentlichung Research paper on abiotic factors and their influence on Ixodes ricinus activity-observations over a two-year period at several tick collection sites in Germany(2020) Gethmann, Jörn; Hoffmann, Bernd; Habedank, Birgit; Kasbohm, ElisaTick-borne diseases are a public health issue. To predict vector tick abundance and activity, it is necessary to understand the driving factors for these variables. In this study, the activity of Ixodes ricinus was investigated in forest and meadow habitats in Germany with a focus on abiotic factors. Ixodes ricinus adults, nymphs and larvae were caught by flagging over a period of 2 years. Microclimatic and weather conditions were recorded at the collection sites. Statistical models were applied to describe correlations between abiotic factors and tick activity in univariable and multivariable analyses. Tick activity was observed in a broad range of air temperature between 3 and 28 ˚C, and air humidity varied between 35 and 95%. In general, tick activity of nymphs and larvae was higher in forest habitats than that in meadows. With the exception of a single specimen of Dermacentor reticulatus, all ticks were Ixodes ricinus, most of them nymphs (63.2% in 2009 and 75.2% in 2010). For the latter, a negative binomial mixed-effects model fitted best to the observed parameters. The modelling results showed an activity optimum between 20 and 23 ˚C for air temperature and between 13 and 15 ˚C for ground temperature. In univariable analyses, the collection site, month, season, ground and air temperature were significant factors for the number of ticks caught and for all life stages. In the multivariable analysis, temperature, season and habitat turned out to be key drivers. Ixodes ricinus positive for RNA of tick-borne encephalitis virus was only found at a single sampling site. The results of this study can be used in risk assessments and to parameterise predictive models. © The Author(s) 2020Veröffentlichung Gesundheitsschutz bei Hitzeextremen in Deutschland: Was wird in Ländern und Kommunen bisher unternommen?(2020) Blättner, Beate; Janson, Debora; Mücke, Hans-Guido; Roth, AlexandraHintergrund Hitzeextreme sind eines der greifbarsten gesundheitlichen Risiken des Klimawandels. In der Prävention setzt Deutschland auf Bund/Länder-Handlungsempfehlungen für Hitzeaktionspläne sowie auf Förderprogramme, mit denen entsprechende Maßnahmen unterstützt werden. Ziel der Arbeit Es interessierte, welche Maßnahmen und Projekte zur Prävention von hitzebedingter Mortalität und Morbidität in Deutschland durchgeführt wurden. Material und Methoden In einer Datenbank- und Internetrecherche wurden Aktivitäten und Projekte seit dem Jahr 2003 identifiziert, die sich mit Hitze und menschlicher Gesundheit befassen. Ausgeschlossen wurden Projekte, die sich nur indirekt mit menschlicher Gesundheit befassen. Erfasst wurden u. a. Bundesland und Förderer sowie, welche Kernelemente von der Maßnahme adressiert sind. Ergebnisse Von den 190 in den Bundesländern und auf Bundesebene identifizierten Projekten lassen sich 19 dem Stichwort "Hitzeaktionsplan" zuordnen, wobei darunter heterogene Aktivitäten verstanden werden. Die einzelnen Maßnahmen umfassten teilweise mehrere Kriterien der Handlungsempfehlungen des Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU) zur Erstellung von Hitzeaktionsplänen. 70,0 % befassten sich mit der Stadtplanung und dem Bauwesen, 37,4 % mit Information und Kommunikation, 24,2 % mit vulnerablen Gruppen, 17,9 % mit der Reduzierung von Hitze in Innenräumen, 15,3 % mit der Nutzung eines Hitzewarnsystems, je 13,7 % mit einer zentralen Koordinierung und interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit und der Vorbereitung der Gesundheits- und Sozialsysteme und 5,3 % mit dem Monitoring und der Evaluation der Maßnahmen. Diskussion Die Anzahl von Maßnahmen und Projekten in Deutschland ist erheblich. Dennoch bleibt unklar, ob damit die Kriterien eines wirksamen mittel- und kurzfristigen Schutzes erfüllt sind. © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AGVeröffentlichung Empfehlungen für die Erstellung von Hitzeaktionsplänen - Handeln für eine bessere Gesundheitsvorsorge(2020) Mücke, Hans-Guido; Straff, WolfgangAls Effekt des Klimawandels stellen extreme Hitzeereignisse eine zunehmende Gesundheitsgefährdung dar. Hitzeaktionspläne dienen der Etablierung gezielter Interventionsmaßnahmen zum präventiven Gesundheitsschutz. Hierzu wurden 2017 Handlungsempfehlungen publiziert. Sie skizzieren kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Optionen für gesundheitliche Anpassungsmaßnahmen an den Klimawandel für eine zeitnahe Umsetzung regional bzw. lokal angepasster Hitzeaktionspläne. Quelle: https://www.degruyter.comVeröffentlichung Heat extremes, public health impacts, and adaptation policy in Germany(2020) Litvinovitch, Jutta Maria; Mücke, Hans-GuidoGlobal warming with increasing weather extremes, like heat events, is enhancing impacts to public health. This essay focuses on unusual extreme summer heat extremes occurring in Germany at higher frequency, longer duration, and with new temperature records. Large areas of the country are affected, particularly urban settlements, where about 77% of the population lives, which are exposed to multiple inner-city threats, such as urban heat islands. Because harm to public health is directly released by high ambient air temperatures, local and national studies on heat-related morbidity and mortality indicate that vulnerable groups such as the elderly population are predominantly threatened with heat-related health problems. After the severe mortality impacts of the extreme summer heat 2003 in Europe, in 2008, Germany took up the National Adaptation Strategy on Climate Change to tackle and manage the impacts of weather extremes, for example to protect peopleâ€Ìs health against heat. Public health systems and services need to be better prepared to improve resilience to the effects of extreme heat events, e.g., by implementing heat health action plans. Both climate protection as well as adaptation are necessary in order to be able to respond as adequate as possible to the challenges posed by climate change. © 2020 by the authors.Veröffentlichung Ramularia leaf spot disease of barley is highly host genotype-dependent and suppressed by continuous drought stress in the field(2020) Hoheneder, Felix; Hofer, Katharina; Heß, Michael; Groth, JenniferSince the 1980s, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is an emerging barley disease worldwide. The control of RLS is increasingly aggravated by a recent decline in fungicide efficacy and a lack of RLS-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, climate change increases drought periods in Europe, enhances variable weather conditions, and thus will have an impact on severity of plant diseases. Hence, identification of RLS-resistant cultivars and understanding of disease progression under abiotic stress are important aims in integrated disease management under climate change. In the present study, we evaluated quantitative RLS resistance of 15 spring barley genotypes under drought, controlled irrigation and field conditions between 2016 and 2019 and monitored microclimatic conditions within the canopy. We identified genotypes that show robust quantitative resistance to RLS in different field environments. Our findings suggest that long-lasting drought periods create unfavourable conditions for the disease and supports that the extent and duration of leaf wetness is a key factor for RLS epidemics. © The Author(s) 2020Veröffentlichung Ramularia leaf spot disease of barley is highly host genotype-dependent and suppressed by continuous drought stress in the field(2021) Hoheneder, Felix; Hofer, Katharina; Heß, Michael; Groth, JenniferSince the 1980s, Ramularia leaf spot (RLS) is an emerging barley disease worldwide. The control of RLS is increasingly aggravated by a recent decline in fungicide efficacy and a lack of RLS-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, climate change increases drought periods in Europe, enhances variable weather conditions, and thus will have an impact on severity of plant diseases. Hence, identification of RLS-resistant cultivars and understanding of disease progression under abiotic stress are important aims in integrated disease management under climate change. In the present study, we evaluated quantitative RLS resistance of 15 spring barley genotypes under drought, controlled irrigation and field conditions between 2016 and 2019 and monitored microclimatic conditions within the canopy. We identified genotypes that show robust quantitative resistance to RLS in different field environments. Our findings suggest that long-lasting drought periods create unfavourable conditions for the disease and supports that the extent and duration of leaf wetness is a key factor for RLS epidemics. © The Author(s) 2021Veröffentlichung Emerging reporting and verification needs under the Paris Agreement: How can the research community effectively contribute?(2021) Perugini, Lucia; Pellis, Guido; Grassi, Giacomo; Günther, DirkGreenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories represent the link between national and international political actions on climate change, and climate and environmental sciences. Inventory agencies need to include, in national GHG inventories, emission and removal estimates based on scientific data following specific reporting guidance under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, using the methodologies defined in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines. Often however, research communities and inventory agencies have approached the problem of climate change from different angles and by using terminologies, metrics, rules and approaches that do not always match. This is particularly true dealing with "Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry" (LULUCF), the most challenging among the inventory sectors to deal with, mainly because of high level of complexity of its carbon dynamics and the difficulties in disaggregating the fluxes between those caused by natural and anthropogenic processes. In this paper, we facilitate the understanding by research communities of the current (UNFCCC) and future (under the Paris Agreement) reporting requirements, and we identify the main issues and topics that should be considered when targeting improvement of the GHG inventory. In relation to these topics, we describe where and how the research community can contribute to producing useful inputs, data, methods and solutions for inventory agencies and policy makers, on the basis of available literature. However, a greater effort by both communities is desirable for closer cooperation and collaboration, for data sharing and the understanding of respective and common aims. © 2021 The Authors.Veröffentlichung A call for urgent action to safeguard our planet and our health in line with the helsinki declaration(2021) Halonen, Jaana I.; Erhola, Marina; Furman, Eeva; Kolossa-Gehring, MarikeIn 2015, the Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission launched a report introducing a novel approach called Planetary Health and proposed a concept, a strategy and a course of action. To discuss the concept of Planetary Health in the context of Europe, a conference entitled: "Europe That Protects: Safeguarding Our Planet, Safeguarding Our Health" was held in Helsinki in December 2019. The conference participants concluded with a need for action to support Planetary Health during the 2020s. The Helsinki Declaration emphasizes the urgency to act as scientific evidence shows that human activities are causing climate change, biodiversity loss, land degradation, overuse of natural resources and pollution. They threaten the health and safety of human kind. Global, regional, national, local and individual initiatives are called for and multidisciplinary and multisectorial actions and measures are needed. A framework for an action plan is suggested that can be modified for local needs. Accordingly, a shift from fragmented approaches to policy and practice towards systematic actions will promote human health and health of the planet. Systems thinking will feed into conserving nature and biodiversity, and into halting climate change. The Planetary Health paradigm - the health of human civilization and the state of natural systems on which it depends - must become the driver for all policies. Quelle: © Elsevier 2021Veröffentlichung Cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in a changing environment: concepts, controversies, challenges(2021) Chorus, Ingrid; Fastner, Jutta; Welker, MartinConcern is widely being published that the occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria is increasing in consequence of climate change and eutrophication, substantially threatening human health. Here, we review evidence and pertinent publications to explore in which types of waterbodies climate change is likely to exacerbate cyanobacterial blooms; whether controlling blooms and toxin concentrations requires a balanced approach of reducing not only the concentrations of phosphorus (P) but also those of nitrogen (N); how trophic and climatic changes affect health risks caused by toxic cyanobacteria. We propose the following for further discussion: (i) Climate change is likely to promote blooms in some waterbodies - not in those with low concentrations of P or N stringently limiting biomass, and more so in shallow than in stratified waterbodies. Particularly in the latter, it can work both ways - rendering conditions for cyanobacterial proliferation more favourable or less favourable. (ii) While N emissions to the environment need to be reduced for a number of reasons, controlling blooms can definitely be successful by reducing only P, provided concentrations of P can be brought down to levels sufficiently low to stringently limit biomass. Not the N:P ratio, but the absolute concentration of the limiting nutrient determines the maximum possible biomass of phytoplankton and thus of cyanobacteria. The absolute concentrations of N or P show which of the two nutrients is currently limiting biomass. N can be the nutrient of choice to reduce if achieving sufficiently low concentrations has chances of success. (iii) Where trophic and climate change cause longer, stronger and more frequent blooms, they increase risks of exposure, and health risks depend on the amount by which concentrations exceed those of current WHO cyanotoxin guideline values for the respective exposure situation. Where trophic change reduces phytoplankton biomass in the epilimnion, thus increasing transparency, cyanobacterial species composition may shift to those that reside on benthic surfaces or in the metalimnion, changing risks of exposure. We conclude that studying how environmental changes affect the genotype composition of cyanobacterial populations is a relatively new and exciting research field, holding promises for understanding the biological function of the wide range of metabolites found in cyanobacteria, of which only a small fraction is toxic to humans. Overall, management needs case-by-case assessments focusing on the impacts of environmental change on the respective waterbody, rather than generalisations. © 2021 by the authorsVeröffentlichung All options, not silver bullets, needed to limit global warming to 1.5 ˚C: a scenario appraisal(2021) Warszawski, Lila; Klingenfeld, Daniel; Kriegler, Elmar; Lenton, Timothy M.; Messner, DirkClimate science provides strong evidence of the necessity of limiting global warming to 1.5 ˚C, in line with the Paris Climate Agreement. The IPCC 1.5 ˚C special report (SR1.5) presents 414 emissions scenarios modelled for the report, of which around 50 are classified as '1.5 ˚C scenarios', with no or low temperature overshoot. These emission scenarios differ in their reliance on individual mitigation levers, including reduction of global energy demand, decarbonisation of energy production, development of land-management systems, and the pace and scale of deploying carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. The reliance of 1.5 ˚C scenarios on these levers needs to be critically assessed in light of the potentials of the relevant technologies and roll-out plans. We use a set of five parameters to bundle and characterise the mitigation levers employed in the SR1.5 1.5 ˚C scenarios. For each of these levers, we draw on the literature to define 'medium' and 'high' upper bounds that delineate between their 'reasonable', 'challenging' and 'speculative' use by mid century. We do not find any 1.5 ˚C scenarios that stay within all medium upper bounds on the five mitigation levers. Scenarios most frequently 'over use' CDR with geological storage as a mitigation lever, whilst reductions of energy demand and carbon intensity of energy production are 'over used' less frequently. If we allow mitigation levers to be employed up to our high upper bounds, we are left with 22 of the SR1.5 1.5 ˚C scenarios with no or low overshoot. The scenarios that fulfil these criteria are characterised by greater coverage of the available mitigation levers than those scenarios that exceed at least one of the high upper bounds. When excluding the two scenarios that exceed the SR1.5 carbon budget for limiting global warming to 1.5 ˚C, this subset of 1.5 ˚C scenarios shows a range of 15-22 Gt CO2 (16-22 Gt CO2 interquartile range) for emissions in 2030. For the year of reaching net zero CO2 emissions the range is 2039-2061 (2049-2057 interquartile range). © 2021 The Author(s).
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