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Veröffentlichung First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems(2018) Kotthoff, Matthias; Friesen, Anton; Rüdel, Heinz; Jürling, Heinrich; Koschorreck, JanAnticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been used for decades for rodent control worldwide. Research on the exposure of the environment and accumulation of these active substances in biota has been focused on terrestrial food webs, but few data are available on the impact of ARs on aquatic systems and water organisms. To fill this gap, we analyzed liver samples of bream (Abramis brama) and co-located suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). An appropriate method was developed for the determination of eight different ARs, including first- and second-generation ARs, in fish liver and SPM. Applying this method to bream liver samples from 17 and 18 sampling locations of the years 2011 and 2015, respectively, five ARs were found at levels above limits of quantifications (LOQs, 0.2 to 2 ÎÌg kg-1). For 2015, brodifacoum was detected in 88% of the samples with a maximum concentration of 12.5 ÎÌg kg-1. Moreover, difenacoum, bromadiolone, difethialone, and flocoumafen were detected in some samples above LOQ. In contrast, no first generation AR was detected in the ESB samples. In SPM, only bromadiolone could be detected in 56% of the samples at levels up to 9.24 ÎÌg kg-1. A temporal trend analysis of bream liver from two sampling locations over a period of up to 23 years revealed a significant trend for brodifacoum at one of the sampling locations. © The Author(s) 2018Veröffentlichung Neuauflage der guten fachlichen Anwendung(2018) Friesen, AntonVeröffentlichung Rodentizid-Rückstände in Fischen - Ursachenforschung und Risikominderungsmaßnahmen(2018) Regnery, Julia; Friesen, Anton; Schäfer, SabineAktuelle Studien zeigen, dass nicht nur auf dem Land lebende Tiere, sondern auch Fische Rückstände von antikoagulanten Rodentiziden in ihrer Leber aufweisen. Antikoagulante Rodentizide der zweiten Generation wurden bei der Umweltrisikobewertung als persistent, bioakkumulierend und toxisch eingestuft. Auf Grundlage der verfügbaren, kurzzeitigen ökotoxikologischen Studien mit Wasserorganismen und des prognostizierten geringen Eintrags wurden Risiken für die aquatische Umwelt bisher jedoch als akzeptabel angesehen. Auf welchen Wegen diese Rodentizide in Gewässer gelangen und ob sie sich dort anreichern, wird derzeit in einem Forschungsprojekt untersucht. Eine potenzielle Eintragsquelle stellt die Bekämpfung von Wanderratten in der Kanalisation dar. Quelle: VerlangsinformationVeröffentlichung Rating the risks of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment(2018) Regnery, Julia; Friesen, Anton; Geduhn, Anke; Petersohn, Eleonora; Schmolz, ErikAnticoagulant rodenticides are used worldwide to control commensal rodents for hygienic and public health reasons. As anticoagulants act on all vertebrates, risk is high for unintentional poisoning of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. Causative associations have been demonstrated for the unintended poisoning of terrestrial nontarget organisms. However, behavior and fate of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment have received minimal attention in the past despite considerable acute toxicity of several anticoagulants to aquatic species such as fish. In light of recent regulatory developments in the European Union concerning rodenticides, we critically review available information on the environmental occurrence, fate, and impact of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment and identify potential risks and routes of exposure as well as further research needs. Recent findings of anticoagulant rodenticides in raw and treated wastewater, sewage sludge, estuarine sediments, suspended particulate matter, and liver tissue of freshwater fish in the low ng/L and Ìg/kg range, respectively, demonstrate that the aquatic environment experiences a greater risk of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure than previously thought. While the anticoagulant's mechanism of action from the molecular through cellular levels is well understood, substantial data gaps exist regarding the understanding of exposure pathways and potential adverse effects of chronic exposure with multiple active ingredients. Anticoagulants accumulating in aquatic wildlife are likely to be transferred in the food chain, causing potentially serious consequences for the health of wildlife and humans alike. © 2018, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Veröffentlichung Heavy rainfall provokes anticoagulant rodenticides' release from baited sewer systems and outdoor surfaces into receiving streams(2020) Regnery, Julia; Friesen, Anton; Schulz, Robert S.; Parrhysius, PiaPrevalent findings of anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) residues in liver tissue of freshwater fish recently emphasized the existence of aquatic exposure pathways. Thus, a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant and surface water monitoring campaign was conducted at two urban catchments in Germany in 2018 and 2019 to investigate potential emission sources of ARs into the aquatic environment. Over several months, the occurrence and fate of all eight ARs authorized in the European Union as well as two pharmaceutical anticoagulants was monitored in a variety of aqueous, solid, and biological environmental matrices during and after widespread sewer baiting with AR-containing bait. As a result, sewer baiting in combined sewer systems, besides outdoor rodent control at the surface, was identified as a substantial contributor of these biocidal active ingredients in the aquatic environment. In conjunction with heavy or prolonged precipitation during bait application in combined sewer systems, a direct link between sewer baiting and AR residues in wastewater treatment plant influent, effluent, and the liver of freshwater fish was established. Moreover, study results confirmed insufficient removal of anticoagulants during conventional wastewater treatment and thus indirect exposure of aquatic organisms in receiving streams via tertiary treated effluents and combined sewer overflows. Nevertheless, further research is required to determine the ecological implications and risks for aquatic organisms as well as fish-eating predators from chronic AR exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations. © 2020 The Author(s).Veröffentlichung Rattenbekämpfung im Kanal(2020) Regnery, Julia; Friesen, Anton; Krüger, GabrieleFast 80 % der 322 Kommunen, die an einer bundesweiten Umfrage teilgenommen haben, führten im Jahr 2017 eine Rattenbekämpfung in der Kanalisation durch. Dazu wurden überwiegend Formköder mit Antikoagulanzien der zweiten Generation am Draht in den Kanalschacht gehängt. Die Bekämpfung erfolgte häufig nach Meldung eines Rattenbefalls aus der Bevölkerung, aufgrund von Eigenüberwachung oder präventiv in (halb)jährlichem Turnus. Lediglich 31,4 % der Ratten bekämpfenden Kommunen führten eine vorherige Befallserhebung durch. Insgesamt wurden bei den teilnehmenden Kommunen 44 t Köder bzw. 5,4 kg Wirkstoff im Jahr 2017 zur Kanalbeköderung eingesetzt. Hochgerechnet auf das gesamte Bundesgebiet ergibt das somit rund 225 t Köder bzw. 32 kg Wirkstoff. Verglichen mit Daten aus einer Umfrage von 2008 reduzierten sich die Einsatzmengen deutlich. Dies wird auf die im Jahr 2012 erstmals rechtsverbindlich festgelegten Anwendungsbestimmungen und Risikominderungsmaßnahmen für antikoagulante Rodentizide zurückgeführt. Quelle: Regnery, Julia et al.: Rattenbekämpfung im Kanal : Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Umfrage zur kommunalen Rattenbekämpfung in der Kanalisation im Jahr 2017 / Julia Regnery [und zwei weitere]. - Seiten 358-366. In: Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall : KA ; Organ der DWA. - 67 (2020), Heft 5, S. 358Veröffentlichung In search of the Holy Grail of Rodent control: step-by-step implementation of safe and sustainable-by-design principles on the example of rodenticides(2022) Hohenberger, Johannes; Friesen, Anton; Wieck, StefanieThe field of chemical rodent control has seen no major developments in the last decades, even though anticoagulant rodenticides (AR), the mainly used substances to manage mice and rats, are known environmental pollutants and candidates for substitution under the European Biocidal Products Regulation 528/2012. Moreover, recent political developments in Europe and the USA demand more safety and sustainability in the management of chemicals, reinforcing the need for environmentally friendly substances. In this concept study, we present a step-by-step approach to improve the environmental properties of rodenticides. Repurposing of existing pharmaceuticals, the use of enantiomerically pure rodenticides, or the improvement of the formulation by microencapsulation can help to alleviate environmental problems caused by AR in the short term. Modification of the chemical structures or the development of prodrugs as medium-term strategies can further improve environmental properties of existing compounds. Ultimately, the development of new substances from scratch enables the utilisation of so far ignored modes of actions and the application of modern safe and sustainable-by-design principles to improve target specificity and reduce the negative impact on non-target organisms and the environment. Overall, our concept study illustrates the great potential for improvement in the field of chemical rodent control when applying available techniques of green and sustainable chemistry to known or potential rodenticides. Most promising in the medium term is microencapsulation that would allow for the use of acutely acting substances as it could circumvent bait shyness. On a longer timescale the de novo design of new rodenticides, which is the only method that can combine a high target specificity with good environmental properties, is the most promising approach. © 2022 The AuthorsVeröffentlichung New insights on in vitro biotransformation of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish(2022) Regnery, Julia; Friesen, Anton; Riegraf, Carolin; Jacob, Stefaniehe assessment of the bioaccumulation potential of chemicals is an essential and mandatory part of their regulatory environmental risk and hazard assessment. So far, in vitro data on fish metabolism is rarely available for biocidal active substances such as anticoagulant rodenticides. In this case study we present in vitro biotransformation rates of eight biocidal and one pharmaceutical anticoagulants in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver subcellular S9 fraction (RT-S9) determined following the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 319B method at two different incubation temperatures (i.e., 12 +/- 1 ËÌC and 23 +/- 2 ËÌC). Furthermore, we address challenges associated with the usability and interpretation of in vitro data to support the decision making within the regulatory bioaccumulation assessment in bridging the gap between in silico methods and in vivo studies. According to our results, four of the tested substances (i.e., chlorophacinone, coumatetralyl, bromadiolone, and difenacoum) exhibited significant intrinsic clearance (p < .001) in the RT-S9 assay. Overall, the observed metabolism was (very) slow and clearance rates were temperature-dependent. Whether the determined in vitro biotransformation rate had a substantial influence on the predicted bioconcentration factor during extrapolation was subject to the lipophilicity of the test substance. Further improvements of existing concepts are needed to overcome uncertainties in the prediction of bioconcentration factors for chemicals such as anticoagulants. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd.Veröffentlichung Das Erfurter Modell: giftfreies Rattenmanagement in der Kanalisation(2022) Behrendt, Hans-Jörg; Friesen, Anton; Sackmann, KathrinDie Rattenbekämpfung in der Kanalisation ist für viele öffentliche und private Kanalnetzbetriebe zu einem Dilemma geworden. Einerseits sorgen die Betriebe bei der Abwasserreinigung dafür, dass Schadstoffe aus dem Wasserkreislauf entfernt werden. Andererseits sind sie in der Regel dazu verpflichtet, Ratten als Gesundheitsschädlinge in der Kanalisation zu kontrollieren. Dazu werden dann für die Umwelt hochproblematische Wirkstoffe in Form von Rattengift in die Kanalisation vom betriebseigenen Personal oder von beauftragten Schädlingsbekämpfungsunternehmen eingebracht. Spätestens seit dem Bekanntwerden der damit verbundenen Umweltrisiken und der Festlegung verbindlicher Vorgaben für die sichere Ausbringung von Ködern hat vielerorts eine rege Diskussion eingesetzt, wie man Ratten wirksam und rechtskonform in der Kanalisation bekämpft, ohne dabei die Gewässer zu belasten. Dass das Rattenmanagement auch ohne den Einsatz von Rodentiziden in der Kanalisation nachhaltig gelingen kann, zeigt das Vorgehen der Stadtentwässerung Erfurt. Im Zentrum steht dabei der Verschluss ungenutzter Anschlussstellen mithilfe von Robotertechnik sowie die Erkenntnis, dass die Kanalbeköderung ohne die Kanalsanierung einen größeren negativen Effekt auf die Umwelt als auf die bestehende Wanderrattenpopulation hat. Quelle: Aufsatz