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First evidence of anticoagulant rodenticides in fish and suspended particulate matter: spatial and temporal distribution in German freshwater aquatic systems
(2018) Kotthoff, Matthias; Friesen, Anton; Rüdel, Heinz; Jürling, Heinrich; Koschorreck, Jan
Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been used for decades for rodent control worldwide. Research on the exposure of the environment and accumulation of these active substances in biota has been focused on terrestrial food webs, but few data are available on the impact of ARs on aquatic systems and water organisms. To fill this gap, we analyzed liver samples of bream (Abramis brama) and co-located suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). An appropriate method was developed for the determination of eight different ARs, including first- and second-generation ARs, in fish liver and SPM. Applying this method to bream liver samples from 17 and 18 sampling locations of the years 2011 and 2015, respectively, five ARs were found at levels above limits of quantifications (LOQs, 0.2 to 2 ÎÌg kg-1). For 2015, brodifacoum was detected in 88% of the samples with a maximum concentration of 12.5 ÎÌg kg-1. Moreover, difenacoum, bromadiolone, difethialone, and flocoumafen were detected in some samples above LOQ. In contrast, no first generation AR was detected in the ESB samples. In SPM, only bromadiolone could be detected in 56% of the samples at levels up to 9.24 ÎÌg kg-1. A temporal trend analysis of bream liver from two sampling locations over a period of up to 23 years revealed a significant trend for brodifacoum at one of the sampling locations. © The Author(s) 2018
Rattenbekämpfung im Kanal
(2020) Regnery, Julia; Friesen, Anton; Krüger, Gabriele
Fast 80 % der 322 Kommunen, die an einer bundesweiten Umfrage teilgenommen haben, führten im Jahr 2017 eine Rattenbekämpfung in der Kanalisation durch. Dazu wurden überwiegend Formköder mit Antikoagulanzien der zweiten Generation am Draht in den Kanalschacht gehängt. Die Bekämpfung erfolgte häufig nach Meldung eines Rattenbefalls aus der Bevölkerung, aufgrund von Eigenüberwachung oder präventiv in (halb)jährlichem Turnus. Lediglich 31,4 % der Ratten bekämpfenden Kommunen führten eine vorherige Befallserhebung durch. Insgesamt wurden bei den teilnehmenden Kommunen 44 t Köder bzw. 5,4 kg Wirkstoff im Jahr 2017 zur Kanalbeköderung eingesetzt. Hochgerechnet auf das gesamte Bundesgebiet ergibt das somit rund 225 t Köder bzw. 32 kg Wirkstoff. Verglichen mit Daten aus einer Umfrage von 2008 reduzierten sich die Einsatzmengen deutlich. Dies wird auf die im Jahr 2012 erstmals rechtsverbindlich festgelegten Anwendungsbestimmungen und Risikominderungsmaßnahmen für antikoagulante Rodentizide zurückgeführt. Quelle: Regnery, Julia et al.: Rattenbekämpfung im Kanal : Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Umfrage zur kommunalen Rattenbekämpfung in der Kanalisation im Jahr 2017 / Julia Regnery [und zwei weitere]. - Seiten 358-366. In: Korrespondenz Abwasser, Abfall : KA ; Organ der DWA. - 67 (2020), Heft 5, S. 358
In search of the Holy Grail of Rodent control: step-by-step implementation of safe and sustainable-by-design principles on the example of rodenticides
(2022) Hohenberger, Johannes; Friesen, Anton; Wieck, Stefanie
The field of chemical rodent control has seen no major developments in the last decades, even though anticoagulant rodenticides (AR), the mainly used substances to manage mice and rats, are known environmental pollutants and candidates for substitution under the European Biocidal Products Regulation 528/2012. Moreover, recent political developments in Europe and the USA demand more safety and sustainability in the management of chemicals, reinforcing the need for environmentally friendly substances. In this concept study, we present a step-by-step approach to improve the environmental properties of rodenticides. Repurposing of existing pharmaceuticals, the use of enantiomerically pure rodenticides, or the improvement of the formulation by microencapsulation can help to alleviate environmental problems caused by AR in the short term. Modification of the chemical structures or the development of prodrugs as medium-term strategies can further improve environmental properties of existing compounds. Ultimately, the development of new substances from scratch enables the utilisation of so far ignored modes of actions and the application of modern safe and sustainable-by-design principles to improve target specificity and reduce the negative impact on non-target organisms and the environment. Overall, our concept study illustrates the great potential for improvement in the field of chemical rodent control when applying available techniques of green and sustainable chemistry to known or potential rodenticides. Most promising in the medium term is microencapsulation that would allow for the use of acutely acting substances as it could circumvent bait shyness. On a longer timescale the de novo design of new rodenticides, which is the only method that can combine a high target specificity with good environmental properties, is the most promising approach. © 2022 The Authors

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