Organisationseinheit:
Deutschland. Umweltbundesamt. Fachgebiet V.3.3 - Ökonomische Grundsatzfragen des Emissionshandels, Auktionierung, Auswertungen

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Integration of Landfills into the EU-ETS 1
(German Environment Agency, 2026) Birnstengel, Bärbel; Hoffmeister, Jochen; Lübbers, Sebastian; Simpson, Richard
This exploratory study assesses whether the potential integration of landfills into the EU-ETS 1 could be a viable strategy to prevent waste streams from being diverted from municipal waste incineration (MWI) to landfills. Such a diversion could result from the potential and currently discussed inclusion of MWI in the EU-ETS 1, leading to additional methane emissions. To this end, the study briefly reviews the existing legal framework, provides an overview of existing data and statistics on relevant waste streams, and assesses factors related to the risk of diversion. After this, the study sketches a potential landfill integration design and discusses its advantages and disadvantages. The study concludes with an outline of further research needs.
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Pricing supply chain emissions of natural gas
(German Environment Agency, 2026) Santonja, Adrián; Holz, Franziska; Graichen, Verena; Hermann, Hauke
This study by analyses the relevance, regulation, and potential pricing of emissions along the natural gas supply chain within the EU climate policy framework, without making definitive policy recommendations. In addition to combustion emissions, supply-chain emissions of CO₂ and methane can increase the climate footprint of natural gas by up to 35%. While emissions within the EEA are partly regulated through the EU ETS 1 and the EU Methane Regulation, many upstream emissions outside the EEA remain largely unregulated. This can distort competition in favour of natural gas as well as grey and blue hydrogen. Extending the EU ETS 1 to the entire supply chain could provide climate benefits but faces challenges, particularly due to uncertainties in measuring methane emissions.

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