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Veröffentlichung Long-term time trend of lead exposure in young German adults - evaluation of more than 35 years of data of the German Environmental Specimen Bank(2021) Lermen, Dominik; Göen, Thomas; Weber, Till; Conrad, André; Rüther, Maria; Kolossa-Gehring, MarikeLead is a ubiquitous pollutant with well-known effects on human health. As there is no lower toxicological threshold for lead in blood and since data gaps on lead exposure still exist in many European countries, HBM data on lead is of high importance. To address this, the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU classified lead as a priority substance. The German Environmental Specimen Bank (German ESB) has monitored lead exposure since more than 35 years. Using data from the early 1980s to 2019 we reveal and discuss long-term trends in blood lead levels (BLLs) and current internal exposure of young adults in Germany. BLLs in young adults decreased substantially in the investigated period. As results from the ESB sampling site Muenster demonstrate, the geometric mean of BLLs of young adults decreased from 1981 (78,7 (my)g/L) to 2019 (10.4 (my)g/L) by about 87%. Trends in human exposure closely correlate with air lead levels (ALLs) provided by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). Hence, the decrease of BLLs largely reflects the drop in air lead pollution. Known associations of sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and housing situation with BLLs are confirmed with data of the German ESB. Although internal lead exposure in Germany decreased substantially, the situation might be different in other European countries. Since 2010, BLLs of young adults in Germany levelled out at approximately 10 (my)g/L. The toxicity of lead even at low levels is known to cause adverse health effects especially in children following exposure of the child or the mother during pregnancy. To identify current exposure sources and to minimize future lead exposure, continuous monitoring of lead intake and exposure levels is needed. © 2020 The AuthorsVeröffentlichung Assessment of the long-term exposure to lead in four european countries using PBPK modeling(2023) Sy, Moustapha; Eleftheriadou, Dimitra; Jung, Christian; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Weber, TillLead (Pb) is a naturally occurring heavy metal that received, in the last decades, much attention in the human health risk assessment community. In the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU), Pb was identified as a priority substance as various scientific and policy questions were open and still to be answered. They included the further investigation of the internal exposure to Pb, the factors determining it, and its variations within European populations. The aim of this work was to develop an integrative modeling framework for the assessment of the aggregated long-term exposure to Pb in Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, and Norway. This framework enabled predicting the concentrations of Pb in human blood (PbB) from estimates of the external exposure. The effect of past and current exposure events was accounted for, as multiple country-specific Pb concentration data in environmental compartments and diet, and estimates of the dietary intake of Pb covering a period from the 1970s until the present times were compiled. This modeling approach allowed, using a twodimensional Monte Carlo (MC2D) approach, running a population-based simulation and characterizing the inter-individual variability within the simulated populations and the uncertainty on the external exposure estimates. The predicted PbB levels were compared with the results drawn from HBM data. To the best of our knowledge, this holistic modeling approach combines for the first time temporal and country-specific trends in environmental lead concentrations to derive internal exposure, in order to get better insights into the relationship between environmental and human lead exposure, and to characterize individual exposure at different ages. © The Author(s)