Auflistung nach Autor:in "Schenke, Detlef"
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Veröffentlichung Baiting location affects anticoagulant rodenticide exposure of non-target small mammals on farms(2020) Walther, Bernd; Geduhn, Anke; Schenke, Detlef; Schlötelburg, AnnikaBACKGROUND Commensal rodents such as Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.), black rats (R. rattus L.) and house mice (Mus musculus L.) damage stored produce and infrastructure, cause hygienic problems and transmit zoonotic pathogens to humans. The management of commensal rodents relies mainly on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs). ARs are persistent and bioâ€Ìaccumulative, which can cause exposure of nonâ€Ìtarget species. We compared the baiting strategies to use brodifacoum (BR) in bait boxes indoors only versus in and around buildings in replicated field trials at livestock farms to assess resulting BR residues in nonâ€Ìtarget small mammals. RESULTS When bait was used indoors only, the percentage of trapped nonâ€Ìtarget small mammals with BR residues as well as BR concentration in liver tissue was about 50% lower in comparison to bait application in and around buildings. These effects occurred in murid rodents and shrews but not in voles that were generally only mildly exposed. During the baiting period, BR concentration in murids was stable but decreased by about 50% in shrews. CONCLUSION Restricting the application of BR bait to indoors only can reduce exposure of nonâ€Ìtarget species. The positive effect of this baiting strategy on nonâ€Ìtarget species needs to be balanced with the need for an effective pest rodent management within a reasonable time. More research is needed to clarify which management approaches strike this balance best. © 2020 The AuthorsVeröffentlichung Effektivität und Weiterentwicklung von Risikominderungsmaßnahmen für die Anwendung von als Biozid ausgebrachten antikoagulanten Rodentiziden mit hohem Umweltrisiko(Umweltbundesamt, 2020) Walther, Bernd; Schenke, Detlef; Jacob, Jens; Julius Kühn-Institut; Geduhn, Anke; Hein, Susanne; Schlötelburg, AnnikaZur Regulierung von Schadnagerpopulationen werden im Biozidbereich in Deutschland in den meisten Fällen Fraßköder mit blutgerinnungshemmenden (antikoagulanten) Wirkstoffen eingesetzt. Antikoagulante Rodentizide wirken bei allen warmblütigen Tieren, also auch bei Organismen, die nicht bekämpft werden sollen oder dürfen. Zudem sind die meisten dieser Wirkstoffe persistent, bioakkumulierend und toxisch. Um Nichtzielorganismen zu schützen und Einträge in die Umwelt zu minimieren, wurden bei der Biozid-Zulassung von antikoagulanten Rodentiziden verbindliche Risikominderungsmaßnahmen festgeschrieben. Die Effektivität dieser Maßnahmen ist jedoch kaum empirisch untersucht, so dass Wissensdefizite auch im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Optimierung bzw. Weiterentwicklung von Risikominderungsmaßnahmen bestehen. Im Rahmen dieses Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhabens wurden daher drei zentrale Aspekte mit Bezug auf den Schutz von Nichtzielorganismen näher betrachtet. Im ersten Teil wurde untersucht, wie sich die Ausbringung antikoagulanter Rodentizide in Köderstationen ausschließlich innerhalb von Gebäuden im Vergleich zum Einsatz in und um Gebäude auf das Auftreten blutgerinnungshemmender Wirkstoffe in freilebenden Nichtzielkleinsäugern auswirkt. Weiterhin wurden die Bewegungsmuster und Sterbeorte vergifteter Wanderratten auf Bauernhöfen dokumentiert, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die mögliche Exposition von Beutegreifern ziehen zu können. Im zweiten Teil wurden Rückstände antikoagulanter Rodentizide in Rotfüchsen aus ländlichen und urbanen Räumen untersucht, um mögliche Unterschiede in der Exposition zu identifizieren. Außerdem wurde das Auftreten blutgerinnungshemmender Wirkstoffe in verschiedenen Singvögeln während Rattenbekämpfungen auf landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben analysiert. Im dritten Teil wurde versucht, die Ausbringung von Fraßködern in Köderstationen so zu gestalten, dass Nichtzielorganismen von der Köderannahme ausgeschlossen werden. Quelle: ForschungsberichtVeröffentlichung Exposure of passerine birds to brodifacoum during management of Norway rats on farms(2020) Walther, Bernd; Geduhn, Anke; Schenke, DetlefThe exposure of non-target wildlife to anticoagulant compounds used for rodent control is a well-known phenomenon. Exposure can be primary when non-target species consume bait or secondary via uptake of poisoned animals by mammalian and avian predators. However, nothing is known about the exposure patterns in passerine birds that are commonly present on farms where rodent control is conducted. We used liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to screen for residues of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) in liver tissue of passerine birds that were present during rodent control with a product containing brodifacoum (BR). The 222 birds of 13 species were bycatch of rodent snap trapping in 2011-2013 on 11 livestock farms run synchronously with baiting. During baiting, ARs were detected in about 30% of birds; 28% carried BR. In liver tissue of 54 birds that carried BR, concentrations ranged from 4 to 7809 ng/g (mean 490 +/- 169 ng/g). Among common bird species with AR residues, BR was most prevalent in robins (Erithacus rubecula) (44%) and dunnocks (Prunella modularis) (41%). Mean BR concentration was highest in great tits (Parus major) (902 +/- 405 ng/g). The occurrence and concentrations of BR residues were about 30% higher in birds collected close to bait stations compared to birds collected further away. The results demonstrate that several ground feeding songbird species are exposed to ARs used on farms. If BR was present in liver tissue, concentrations were variable, which may imply a combination of primary and secondary exposure of songbirds. Exposure was mostly restricted to the immediate surroundings of farms where bait was used, which might limit the transfer to the wider environment. Efforts should be made to reduce the access for birds to AR bait to prevent high exposure. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.Veröffentlichung Linking landscape composition and biological factors with exposure levels of rodenticides and agrochemicals in avian apex predators from Germany(2021) Badry, Alexander; Schenke, Detlef; Treu, GabrieleIntensification of agricultural practices has resulted in a substantial decline of Europe's farmland bird populations. Together with increasing urbanisation, chemical pollution arising from these land uses is a recognised threat to wildlife. Raptors are known to be particularly sensitive to pollutants that biomagnify and are thus frequently used sentinels for pollution in food webs. The current study focussed on anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) but also considered selected medicinal products (MPs) and frequently used plant protection products (PPPs). We analysed livers of raptor species from agricultural and urban habitats in Germany, namely red kites (MIML; Milvus milvus), northern goshawks (ACGE; Accipiter gentilis) and Eurasian sparrowhawks (ACNI; Accipiter nisus) as well as white-tailed sea eagles (HAAL; Haliaeetus albicilla) and ospreys (PAHA; Pandion haliaetus) to account for potential aquatic exposures. Landscape composition was quantified using geographic information systems. The highest detection of ARs occurred in ACGE (81.3%; n = 48), closely followed by MIML (80.5%; n = 41), HAAL (38.3%; n = 60) and ACNI (13%; n = 23), whereas no ARs were found in PAHA (n = 13). Generalized linear models demonstrated (1) an increased probability for adults to be exposed to ARs with increasing urbanisation, and (2) that species-specific traits were responsible for the extent of exposure. For MPs, we found ibuprofen in 14.9% and fluoroquinolones in 2.3% in individuals that were found dead. Among 30 investigated PPPs, dimethoate (and its metabolite omethoate) and thiacloprid were detected in two MIML each. We assumed that the levels of dimethoate were a consequence of deliberate poisoning. AR and insecticide poisoning were considered to represent a threat to red kites and may ultimately contribute to reported decreased survival rates. Overall, our study suggests that urban raptors are at greatest risk for AR exposure and that exposures may not be limited to terrestrial food webs. © 2020 The AuthorsVeröffentlichung Spatial variation of rodenticides and emerging contaminants in blood of raptor nestlings from Germany(2022) Badry, Alexander; Schenke, Detlef; Brücher, Helmut; Treu, GabrieleWildlife exposures to pest controlling substances have resulted in population declines of many predatory species during the past decades. Many pesticides were subsequently classifed as persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and banned on national or global scales. However, despite their risks for non-target vertebrate wildlife, PBT substances such as anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are still permitted for use in Europe and have shown to threaten raptors. Whereas risks of ARs are known, much less information is available on emerging agrochemicals such as currently used PPPs and medicinal products (MPs) in higher trophic level species. We expect that currently used PPPs are relatively mobile (vs. lipophilic) as a consequence of the PBT criteria and thus more likely to be present in aqueous matrices. We therefore analyzed blood of 204 raptor nestlings of three terrestrial (red kite, common buzzard, Montagu's harrier) and two aquatic species (white-tailed sea eagle, osprey) from Germany. In total, we detected ARs in 22.6% of the red kites and 8.6% of the buzzards, whereas no Montagu's harriers or aquatic species were exposed prior to sampling. Sigma AR concentration tended to be higher in North Rhine-Westphalia (vs. North-Eastern Germany) where population density is higher and intense livestock farming more frequent. Among the 90 targeted and currently used PPPs, we detected six substances from which bromoxynil (14.2%) was most frequent. Especially Montagu's harrier (31%) and red kites (22.6%) were exposed and concentrations were higher in North Rhine-Westphalia as well. Among seven MPs, we detected ciprofoxacin (3.4%), which indicates that risk mitigation measures may be needed as resistance genes were already detected in wildlife from Germany. Taken together, our study demonstrates that raptors are exposed to various chemicals during an early life stage depending on their sampling location and underpins that red kites are at particular risk for multiple pesticide exposures in Germany. © The Author(s) 2022