Person: Kolossa-Gehring, Marike
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Veröffentlichung Long-term monitoring of mercury in young German adults: Time trend analyses from the German Environmental Specimen Bank, 1995-2018(2022) Bartel-Steinbach, Martina; Lermen, Dominik; Conrad, André; Gwinner, Frederik; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Weber, TillAs highlighted in the Minamata Convention, Mercury (Hg) in its various forms poses a substantial risk to human health and the environment. The health relevance of Hg is also recognized by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU), which classifies Hg as a priority substance, since considerable knowledge and data gaps on Hg exposure levels and their changes over time still exist in Europe. The German Environmental Specimen Bank (German ESB) provides valuable policy relevant data and long-term trends of substance exposure on a national level for international comparison and evaluation. In this study we analysed data of the German ESB on Hg exposure of young adults aged 20 to 29 including data on urinary Hg levels from 1995 to 2018 and whole blood Hg levels from 2001 to 2010. Results show a clear decrease in both, about 86% in urine total daily Hg excretion from 1995 (0.76 (micro)g/L) to 2018 (0.11 (micro)g/L) (n = 10,069) and about 57% in blood concentrations of Hg from 2001 (1.76 (micro)g/L) to 2010 (0.77 (micro)g/L) (n = 4085). Over the investigated timeframe only a few values exceeded the toxicologically derived health based guidance value HBM I for blood and urine, with these exceedances decreasing over time in line with the general trend. The factors mostly influencing Hg excretion identified in this study are dental amalgam as well as fish and seafood consumption. Besides other factors (e.g. age and sex), also airborne Hg exposure appears to be a low but evident influencing factor in Germany. Although a considerable decrease in internal Hg exposure is recognized in the last decades, the current low-level exposure may cause adverse health effects especially to vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and children. To further elucidate and evaluate current exposure sources and to reduce human exposure to Hg, continuous environmental and human biomonitoring is needed. © 2022 The Authors.Veröffentlichung Improving the risk assessment of pesticides through the integration of Human Biomonitoring and Food Monitoring Data: a case study for chlorpyrifos(2022) Tarazona, Jose V.; González-Caballero, Maria Carmen; Alba-Gonzalez, Mercedes de; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Weber, TillThe risk assessment of pesticide residues in food is a key priority in the area of food safety. Most jurisdictions have implemented pre-marketing authorization processes, which are supported by prospective risk assessments. These prospective assessments estimate the expected residue levels in food combining results from residue trials, resembling the pesticide use patterns, with food consumption patterns, according to internationally agreed procedures. In addition, jurisdictions such as the European Union (EU) have implemented large monitoring programs, measuring actual pesticide residue levels in food, and are supporting large-scale human biomonitoring programs for confirming the actual exposure levels and potential risk for consumers. The organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos offers an interesting case study, as in the last decade, its acceptable daily intake (ADI) has been reduced several times following risk assessments by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). This process has been linked to significant reductions in the use authorized in the EU, reducing consumers exposure progressively, until the final ban in 2020, accompanied by setting all EU maximum residue levels (MRL) in food at the default value of 0.01 mg/kg. We present a comparison of estimates of the consumerââą Ìs internal exposure to chlorpyrifos based on the urinary marker 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), using two sources of monitoring data: monitoring of the food chain from the EU program and biomonitoring of European citizens from the HB4EU project, supported by a literature search. Both methods confirmed a drastic reduction in exposure levels from 2016 onwards. The margin of exposure approach is then used for conducting retrospective risk assessments at different time points, considering the evolution of our understanding of chlorpyrifos toxicity, as well as of exposure levels in EU consumers following the regulatory decisions. Concerns are presented using a color code, and have been identified for almost all studies, particularly for the highest exposed group, but at different levels, reaching the maximum level, red code, for children in Cyprus and Israel. The assessment uncertainties are highlighted and integrated in the identification of levels of concern. © 2022 by the authors.Veröffentlichung Concept for the evaluation of carcinogenic substances in population-based human biomonitoring(2022) Wollin, Klaus-Michael; Apel, Petra; Chovolou, Yvonni; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Deutschland. Umweltbundesamt. Kommission Human-BiomonitoringThe Human Biomonitoring (HBM) Commission at the German Environment Agency holds the opinion that for environmental carcinogens for which no exposure levels can be assumed and are harmless to health, health-based guidance values corresponding to the classical definition of the HBM-I or HBM-II value cannot be established. Therefore, only reference values have been derived so far for genotoxic carcinogens from exposure data of the general population or subpopulations. The concept presented here opens up the possibility of performing health risk assessments of carcinogenic substances in human biomonitoring, and thus goes decisively beyond the purely descriptive statistical reference value concept. Using the presented method, quantitative dose descriptors of internal exposure can be derived from those of external exposure, provided that sufficient toxicokinetic information is available. Dose descriptors of internal exposure then allow the simple estimate of additional lifetime cancer risks for measured biomarker concentrations or, conversely, of equivalent concentrations for selected risks, such as those considered as tolerable for the general population. HBM data of chronic exposures to genotoxic carcinogens can thus be used to assess the additional lifetime cancer risk referring to the general population and to justify and prioritize risk management measures. © 2022 by the authorsVeröffentlichung Cadmium exposure in adults across Europe: Results from the HBM4EU Aligned Studies survey 2014-2020(2022) Tratnik, Janja Snoj; Kocman, David; Horvat, Milena; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Weber, TillThe objectives of the study were to estimate the current exposure to cadmium (Cd) in Europe, potential differences between the countries and geographic regions, determinants of exposure and to derive European exposure levels. The basis for this work was provided by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) which established a framework for alignment of national or regional HBM studies. For the purpose of Cd exposure assessment, studies from 9 European countries (Iceland, Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia, Portugal, Germany, France, Luxembourg) were included and urine of 20-39 years old adults sampled in the years 2014-2021 (n = 2510). The measurements in urine were quality assured by the HBM4EU quality assurance/quality control scheme, study participants' questionnaire data were post-harmonized. Spatially resolved external data, namely Cd concentrations in soil, agricultural areas, phosphate fertilizer application, traffic density and point source Cd release were collected for the respective statistical territorial unit (NUTS). There were no distinct geographic patterns observed in Cd levels in urine, although the data revealed some differences between the specific study sites. The levels of exposure were otherwise similar between two time periods within the last decade (DEMOCOPHES - 2011-2012 vs. HBM4EU Aligned Studies, 2014-2020). The age-dependent alert values for Cd in urine were exceeded by 16% of the study participants. Exceedances in the different studies and locations ranged from 1.4% up to 42%. The studies with largest extent of exceedance were from France and Poland. Association analysis with individual food consumption data available from participants' questionnaires showed an important contribution of vegetarian diet to the overall exposure, with 35% higher levels in vegetarians as opposed to non-vegetarians. For comparison, increase in Cd levels due to smoking was 25%. Using NUTS2-level external data, positive associations between HBM data and percentage of cropland and consumption of Cd-containing mineral phosphate fertilizer were revealed, which indicates a significant contribution of mineral phosphate fertilizers to human Cd exposure through diet. In addition to diet, traffic and point source release were identified as significant sources of exposure in the study population. The findings of the study support the recommendation by EFSA to reduce Cd exposure as also the estimated mean dietary exposure of adults in the EU is close or slightly exceeding the tolerable weekly intake. It also indicates that regulations are not protecting the population sufficiently. © 2022 The AuthorsVeröffentlichung Mothers and children are related, even in exposure to chemicals present in common consumer products(2019) Koppen, Gudrun; Govarts, Eva; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Vanermen, Guido; Schwedler, GerdaBackground Phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) are detectable in the vast majority of people. Most humans are continuously exposed to these chemicals due to their presence in food or in everyday consumer products. The measurement of these compounds in family members may help to explore the impact of major lifestyle factors on exposure. Mothers and (young) children are especially interesting to study, as they mostly share considerable parts of daily life together. Materials and methods Phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A (BPA) and triclosan (TCS) were measured in first morning void urine, collected in mother-child pairs (n=129) on the same day. The mothers (27-45y) and their children (6-11y) were recruited in the Brussels agglomeration and rural areas of Belgium in the context of the European COPHES-DEMOCOPHES human biomonitoring project. Face-to-face questionnaires gathered information on major exposure sources and lifestyle factors. Exposure determinants were assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results The investigated compounds were detectable in nearly all mothers (92.8-100%) and all children (95.2-100%). The range (P90 vs. P10) of differences in urinary concentrations within each age group was for most compounds around 10-20 fold, and was very high for TCS up to 35 and 350-fold in children and mothers respectively. Some participants exceeded the tolerable daily intake guidelines as far as they were available from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Overall, for BPA, the urinary concentrations were similar among both age groups. Most urinary phthalate metabolites were higher in children compared to the mothers, except for monoethyl phthalate (MEP). TCS levels were generally higher in the mothers. Despite the difference in mothers' and children's urinary concentrations, the creatinine-corrected levels were correlated for all biomarkers (Spearman rank r=0.32 to 0.66, p<0.001). Furthermore, for phthalates, similar home and lifestyle factors were associated with the urinary concentrations in both age groups: home renovation during last two years or redecoration during the last year for di-ethyl phthalate (DEP); PVC in home for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP), and personal care products use for DiBP and DnBP. Based on questionnaire information on general food type consumption patterns, the exposure variability could not be explained. However, comparing the phthalate intake from the current study with earlier assessed Belgian food intake calculations for both ages, food in general was estimated to be the major intake source for di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP), with diminishing importance for BBzP, DiBP and DnBP. Conclusion Our results confirm, that children and their mothers, sharing diets and home environments, also share exposure in common consumer products related chemicals. By collecting morning urine levels on the same day, and using basic questionnaires, suspected exposure routes could be unraveled.Veröffentlichung Biomonitoring of occupational exposure to phthalates: a systematic review(2020) Fréry, Nadine; Santonen, Tiina; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Porras, Simo P.Introduction Phthalates, a group of ubiquitous industrial chemicals, have been widely used in occupational settings, mainly as plasticizers in a variety of applications. Occupational exposure to different phthalates has been studied in several occupational settings using human biomonitoring (HBM). Aim To provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on occupational exposure to phthalates assessed using HBM and to determine future data needs on the topic as part of the HBM4EU project. Methods A systematic search was carried out in the databases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between 2000 and September 4, 2019 using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A total of 22 studies on the occupational HBM of phthalates was considered suitable for review. Results and discussion Among the reviewed studies, 19 (86%) focused on DEHP, an old phthalate that is now subject to authorization and planned to be restricted in the EU. Concentrations of MEHHP, one of its metabolites, varied up to 13-fold between studies and across sectors when comparing extreme geometric means, ranging from 11.6 (similar to the general populations) to 151 ÎÌg/g creatinine. Only 2 studies focused on newer phthalates such as DiNP and DPHP. Concerning the geographical distribution, 10 studies were performed in Europe (including 6 in Slovakia), 8 in Asia, and 4 in North America, but this distribution is not a good reflection of phthalate production and usage levels worldwide. Most HBM studies were performed in the context of PVC product manufacturing. Future studies should focus on: i) a more uniform approach to sampling timing to facilitate comparisons between studies; ii) newer phthalates; and iii) old phthalates in waste management or recycling. Conclusion Our findings highlight the lack of recent occupational HBM studies on both old and new phthalate exposure in European countries and the need for a harmonized approach. Considering the important policy actions taken in Europe regarding phthalates, it seems relevant to evaluate the impact of these actions on exposure levels and health risks for workers. © 2020 The AuthorsVeröffentlichung Die Umweltprobenbank des Bundes(2016) Schröter-Kermani, Christa; Gies, Andreas; Kolossa-Gehring, MarikeDie Umweltprobenbank des Bundes (UPB) hat das Ziel, biologische Proben aus der Umwelt und vom Menschen über lange Zeit veränderungsfrei zu lagern, um sie für zukünftige Forschung zu archivieren. Sie bietet die einzigartige Möglichkeit, die Belastung der Umwelt und des Menschen über einen langen Zeitraum zu verfolgen. Die UPB wurde parallel zur Erarbeitung des ersten deutschen Chemikaliengesetzes in den 1970er-Jahren konzipiert. Im Jahr 1979 begann sie ihren Probebetrieb. Nachdem 1982 das Chemikaliengesetz in Kraft trat, begann die UPB 1985 ihren dauerhaften Regelbetrieb. Mit der europäischen Chemikalienverordnung REACH wurde 2007 die Verantwortung für die Sicherheit der vermarkteten Chemikalien und die Aufgabe der Risikobewertung maßgeblich der Industrie übertragen. Seitdem ist die UPB noch wichtiger geworden, um die eigenverantwortliche Bewertung der Industrie zu überprüfen, den Erfolg von Minderungsmaßnahmen zu evaluieren und damit letztlich den Schutz von Mensch und Umwelt vor schädlichen Umwelteinflüssen sicherzustellen. Dies geschieht durch regelmäßige Beobachtung der Belastungen und Analyse zeitlicher Trends. Die Ergebnisse der UPB dienen heute der Beratung der politischen Entscheidungsträger über die Notwendigkeit, Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Informationen zur Belastungsprävention werden für die Allgemeinbevölkerung und den öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst zur Verfügung gestellt. Die UPB ist somit ein wichtiges Monitoringinstrument des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit und kooperiert mit namhaften Forschungs- und Universitätsinstituten. Das Umweltbundesamt konzeptioniert und steuert die Arbeit der UPB, leitet die wissenschaftliche Auswertung der Daten und bereitet diese für die Umweltpolitik und die Öffentlichkeit auf.
Quelle: http://link.springer.com/Veröffentlichung A pilot study on the feasibility of European harmonized Human Biomonitoring: Strategies towards a common approach, challenges and opportunities(2015) Casteleyn, Ludwine; Dumez, Birgit; Becker, Kerstin; Den Hond, Elly; Schoeters, Greet; Castaño, Argelia; Koch, Holger Martin; Angerer, Jürgen; Esteban, Marta; Exley, Karen; Sepai, Ovnair; Bloemen, Louis; Fiddicke, Ulrike; Horvath, Milena; Knudsen, Lisbeth E.; Joas, Anke; Joas, Reinhard; Biot, Pierre; Koppen, C.; Dewolf, M.-C.; Katsonouri, Andromachi; Hadjipanayis, Adamos; Cerna, Milena; Krskova, A.; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Nielsen, Jeanette K.S.; Jensen, J.F.; Rudnai, Peter; Közepesy, S.; Mulcahy, M.F.R.; Mannion, R.; Gutleb, Arno C.; Fischer, M.E.; Ligocka, Danuta; Jakubowski, M.; Reis, M.Fátima; Namorado, S.; Lupsa, Ioana-Rodica; Schwedler, Gerda; Gurzau, Anca ElenaIn 2004theEuropeanCommissionandMemberStatesinitiatedactivitiestowardsaharmonizedap-
proach forHumanBiomonitoringsurveysthroughoutEurope.Themainobjectivewastosustainen-
vironmental healthpolicybybuildingacoherentandsustainableframeworkandbyincreasingthe
comparability ofdataacrosscountries.Apilotstudy totestcommonguidelinesforsettingupsurveys
wasconsideredakeystepinthisprocess.Throughabottom-upapproachthatincludedallstakeholders,
a jointstudyprotocolwaselaborated.
FromSeptember2011tillFebruary2012,17Europeancountriescollecteddatafrom1844mother-
child pairsintheframeofDEMOnstrationofastudytoCoordinateandPerformHumanBiomonitoring
on aEuropeanScale(DEMOCOPHES). Mercury inhairandurinarycadmiumandcotininewereselected
as biomarkersofexposurecoveredbysufficient analyticalexperience.PhthalatemetabolitesandBi-
sphenol Ainurinewereaddedtotakeintoaccountincreasingpublicandpoliticalawarenessfor
emerging typesofcontaminantsandtotestlessadvancedmarkers/markerscoveredbylessanalytical
experience.Extensiveeffortstowardschemo-analyticalcomparabilitywereincluded.
The pilotstudyshowed thatcommonapproachescanbefoundinacontextofconsiderablediffer-
ences withrespecttoexperienceandexpertize,socio-culturalbackground,economicsituationandna-
tional priorities.ItalsoevidencedthatcomparableHumanBiomonitoringresultscanbeobtainedinsuch
context.AEuropeannetworkwasbuilt,exchanging information,expertise andexperiences,andpro-
viding trainingonallaspectsofasurvey.Akeychallengewas finding therightbalancebetweenarigid
structure allowingmaximalcomparabilityanda flexibleapproachincreasingfeasibilityandcapacity
building. NextstepsinEuropeanharmonizationinHumanBiomonitoringsurveysincludetheestab-
lishment ofajointprocessforprioritizationofsubstancestocoverandbiomarkerstodevelop,linking
biomonitoring surveyswithhealthexaminationsurveysandwithresearch,andcopingwiththediverse
implementations ofEUregulationsandinternationalguidelineswithrespecttoethicsandprivacy.
©2014ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.Veröffentlichung Chemical mixtures in the EU population: composition and potential risks(2022) Socianu, Sebastian; Bopp, Stephanie; Govarts, Eva; Kolossa-Gehring, MarikeRegulating chemical mixtures is a complex scientific and policy task. The aim of this study was to investigate typical mixtures and their potential risks based on internal exposure levels in the European population. Based on human biomonitoring (HBM) data made available via the HBM4EU project, we derived generic mixtures representative of a median (P50) and a worst-case scenario (P95) for adults and children. We performed a mixture risk assessment based on HBM concentrations, health-based guidance values (HBGVs) as internal thresholds of concern, and the conservative assumption of concentration addition applied across different toxicological endpoints. Maximum cumulative ratios (MCRs) were calculated to characterize the mixture risk. The mixtures comprise 136 biomarkers for adults and 84 for children, although concentration levels could be quantified only for a fraction of these. Due to limited availability of HBGVs, the mixture risk was assessed for a subset of 20 substance-biomarker pairs for adults and 17 for children. The mixture hazard index ranged from 2.8 (P50, children) to 9.2 (P95, adults). Six to seven substances contributed to over 95% of the total risk. MCR values ranged between 2.6 and 5.5, which is in a similar range as in previous studies based on human external exposures assessments. The limited coverage of substances included in the calculations and the application of a hazard index across toxicological endpoints argue for caution in the interpretation of the results. Nonetheless the analyses of MCR and MAFceiling can help inform a possible mixture assessment factor (MAF) applicable to single substance risk assessment to account for exposure to unintentional mixtures. © 2022 by the authorsVeröffentlichung PFASs: What can we learn from the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative HBM4EU(2023) Uhl, Maria; Schoeters, Greet; Kolossa-Gehring, Marike; Govarts, EvaPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were one of the priority substance groups selected which have been investigated under the ambitious European Joint programme HBM4EU (2017-2022). In order to answer policy relevant questions concerning exposure and health effects of PFASs in Europe several activities were developed under HBM4EU namely i) synthesis of HBM data generated in Europe prior to HBM4EU by developing new platforms, ii) development of a Quality Assurance/Quality Control Program covering 12 biomarkers of PFASs, iii) aligned and harmonized human biomonitoring studies of PFASs. In addition, some cohort studies (on mother-child exposure, occupational exposure to hexavalent chromium) were initiated, and literature researches on risk assessment of mixtures of PFAS, health effects and effect biomarkers were performed. The HBM4EU Aligned Studies have generated internal exposure reference levels for 12 PFASs in 1957 European teenagers aged 12-18 years. The results showed that serum levels of 14.3% of the teenagers exceeded 6.9 (micro)g/L PFASs, which corresponds to the EFSA guideline value for a tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg for some of the investigated PFASs (PFOA, PFOS, PFNA and PFHxS). In Northern and Western Europe, 24% of teenagers exceeded this level. The most relevant sources of exposure identified were drinking water and some foods (fish, eggs, offal and locally produced foods). HBM4EU occupational studies also revealed very high levels of PFASs exposure in workers (P95: 192 (micro)g/L in chrome plating facilities), highlighting the importance of monitoring PFASs exposure in specific workplaces. In addition, environmental contaminated hotspots causing high exposure to the population were identified. In conclusion, the frequent and high PFASs exposure evidenced by HBM4EU strongly suggests the need to take all possible measures to prevent further contamination of the European population, in addition to adopting remediation measures in hotspot areas, to protect human health and the environment. HBM4EU findings also support the restriction of the whole group of PFASs. Further, research and definition for additional toxicological dose-effect relationship values for more PFASs compounds is needed.