Auflistung nach Autor:in "Schwirn, Kathrin"
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Veröffentlichung Advanced materials(Umweltbundesamt, 2023) Schwirn, Kathrin; Völker, Doris; Ahrens, Birgit; Berkner, Silvia; Blum, Christopher; Niederle, Werner; Süring, Kathrin; Tietjen, Lars; Vogel, Julia; Weißhaupt, PetraAdvanced materials promise technical solutions to support sustainable transformation. They play an important role for a variety of environmental topics worked on at UBA, such as energy transition, circular economy and chemical safety. Various sectors can benefit from the use of advanced materials, but they can also face challenges. The UBA position paper describes the area of tension between the promising use and possible challenges for environmental and health protection and other sustainability dimensions, illustrates this with various examples and derives corner stones for a safe and sustainable life cycle of advanced materials. Quelle: www.umweltbundesamt.deVeröffentlichung Advanced materials - proposed clusters, and possible relevance criteria with focus on chemical safety issues(2020) Zajicek, Larissa; Giese, Bernd; Reihlen, Antonia; Völker, Doris; Schwirn, KathrinVeröffentlichung Advanced materials: Overview of the field and screening criteria for relevance assessment(Umweltbundesamt, 2020) Giese, Bernd; Drapalik, Markus; Zajicek, Larissa; Universität für Bodenkultur Wien; Institut für Ökologie und Politik; Deutschland. Umweltbundesamt; Völker, Doris; Schwirn, Kathrin; Galert, Wiebke; Tietjen, LarsDie in diesem Bericht beschriebenen Projekttätigkeiten umfassen eine Literaturrecherche, Experteninterviews, eine Online-Umfrage, die Entwicklung von Relevanzkriterien und die Organisation der ersten von drei thematischen Konferenzen im Rahmen des Projektes. Auf der Grundlage der gesammelten Informationen und Erfahrungen wurden Advanced Materials in verschiedene Klassen eingeteilt. Jede Klasse wurde in Form eines Factsheets charakterisiert. Auf der ersten Konferenz wurden Ansätze diskutiert Advanced Materials in solchen Klassen zusammenzufassen sowie die Notwendigkeit, Advanced Materials und Aspekte der Chemikaliensicherheit in das Materialdesign einzubeziehen. Es wurden einige Typen von Advanced Materials identifiziert, die im Hinblick auf die Chemikaliensicherheit von Bedeutung sein könnten. Dies könnte z. B. auf Indizien zu Gefahren und Risiken, die möglicherweise ein angemessenes Risikomanagement erfordern, eine unzureichende regulatorische Erfassung oder fehlende Methoden und Instrumente zur Risikobewertung zurückzuführen sein. Der Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse des ersten Arbeitspakets des Projekts zusammen. Er ist ein Diskussionsbeitrag zu den weiteren zwei thematischen Konferenzen des Projekts sowie zur weiteren Entwicklung von Ansätzen zur Einteilung von Advanced Materials in Gruppen und ihrer Beschreibung und Priorisierung in anderen Kontexten. Quelle: ForschungsberichtVeröffentlichung Assessing ecological data on nanomaterials(2014) Schwirn, Kathrin; Völker, DorisVeröffentlichung Auf dem Weg zur OECD Prüfrichtlinie zur Bestimmung der Partikelgrößenverteilung von Nanomaterialien(2022) Kämpf, Kerstin; Bachmann, Volker; Peters, Torben; Schwirn, Kathrin; Völker, DorisVeröffentlichung Das BMBF Projekt nanoGRAVUR - Gruppierung von Nanomaterialien(2019) Zalm, Esther van der; Schwirn, KathrinVeröffentlichung Detection of manufactured nanomaterials in complex environmental compartments(2020) Schymura, Stefan; Hildebrand, Heike; Völker, Doris; Schwirn, KathrinVeröffentlichung Development of a method for systematic classification of nanocarrier systems(2023) NanoSAFE 2023 (8. : 2023 : Grenoble); Pavlicek, Anna; Völker, Doris; Schwirn, KathrinVeröffentlichung Einsatz von Nanomaterialien in der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien(2016) Dubbert, Wolfgang; Liesegang, Christian; Schwirn, Kathrin; Nunweiler, Elisabeth; Völker, Doris; Saleka, Hanno; Werlein, MaxZur Effizienzsteigerung der Stromerzeugung aus regenerativen Energiequellen können Nanomaterialien einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten. Dieses Datenblatt will hierzu einen Überblick geben. Dabei ist zu berücksichtigen, dass auf diesem Gebiet sehr viel geforscht wird, Anwendungen aber erst vereinzelt auf den Markt kommen. Die aussichtsreichsten nanotechnischen Anwendungen entstehen hierbei im Solar-, Wind- und Brennstoffzellenbereich als auch bei der Entwicklung thermoelektrischer Elemente. Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/Veröffentlichung Einsatz von Nanomaterialien in Kunststoffverpackungen(Umweltbundesamt, 2018) Schwirn, Kathrin; Liesegang, Christian; Völker, Doris; Kotschik, GerhardDas vorliegende Datenblatt behandelt Nanomaterialien, die neue, technische oder verbesserte Eigenschaften von Verpackungen versprechen. Die zur Beschriftung und Oberflächenbeschichtung von Verpackungen eingesetzten Nanomaterialien sind teilweise die gleichen, die in (Druck-)Farben und Lacken Einsatz finden. Hierzu verweisen wir auf unser Datenblatt "Einsatz von Nanomaterialien in Beschichtungen" (UBA 2014). Ein Großteil der möglichen Anwendung von Nanomaterialien in Verpackungen liegt im Bereich von Kunststoffen und Kunststoffverpackungen, daher liegt in diesem Datenblatt der Schwerpunkt auf dem Einsatz von Nanomaterialien in diesen Materialien. Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.deVeröffentlichung Einsatz von Nanomaterialien und nanoskaligen Produkten zur Abwasserbehandlung(2015) Apel, Petra; Dubbert, Wolfgang; Schwirn, Kathrin; Klitzke, Sondra; Völker, Doris; Liesegang, Christian; Winde, ChristineDie Behandlung von belastetem Wasser vor dem Einleiten in Oberflächengewässer ist eine der global vordringlichsten Herausforderungen der Zukunft. Bestehende Verfahren zur Wasser- und Abwasseraufbereitung können durch geeignete nanotechnische Anwendungen optimiert werden, die zu einer gezielteren Entfernung von Kontaminationen, besseren Energieeffizienz und geringeren Kosten führen können. Experten prognostizieren, dass der Wassersektor neben dem Energiesektor mittel- bis langfristig mit am stärksten von innovativen Anwendungen der Nanotechnik profitieren könnte. Neben dem Nutzen der Verwendung von Nanomaterialien zur Wasserbehandlung ist auch zu berücksichtigen, dass Nanomaterialien unbeabsichtigte Wirkungen auf die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit hervorrufen können. Bei der Verwendung der Nanomaterialien muss beachtet werden, dass die neuartigen Eigenschaften der Nanomaterialien gegebenenfalls auch schädliche Wirkungen auf die Umwelt und den Menschen haben können.Veröffentlichung Environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials in the light of new obligations under the REACH regulation: which challenges remain and how to approach them?(2020) Schwirn, Kathrin; Galert, Wiebke; Völker, DorisWithin the European regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH, EC No 1907/2006) specific provisions for nanomaterials were included, which have become effective on 1 January 2020. Although knowledge on the peculiarities of testing and assessing fate and effects of nanomaterials in the environment strongly increased in the last years, uncertainties about how to perform a reliable and robust environmental risk assessment for nanomaterials still remain. These uncertainties are of special relevance in a regulatory context, challenging both industry and regulators. The present paper presents current challenges in regulatory hazard and exposure assessment under REACH, as well as classification of nanomaterials, and makes proposals to address them. Still, the nanospecific considerations made here are expected to also be valid for environmental risk assessment approaches in other regulations of chemical safety. Inter alia, these proposals include a way forward to account for exposure concentrations in aquatic toxicity test systems, a discussion of how to account for availability of dissolving nanomaterials in aquatic test systems, and a pragmatic proposal to deduce effect data for soil organisms. Furthermore, it specifies how to potentially deal with nanoforms under the European regulation on Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP) and outlines the needs for proper exposure assessments of nanomaterials from a regulatory perspective. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:706-717. © 2020 The Authors.Veröffentlichung Gesellschaftliche Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie in Deutschland und mögliche Konsequenzen für die Umweltpolitik(Umweltbundesamt, 2020) Klatt, Anne; Schwirn, Kathrin; Löwe, Christian; Spengler, LauraDie Covid-19-Pandemie hat das gesellschaftliche Leben plötzlich und heftig verändert. Neben den vielfältigen, teilweise gravierenden negativen Folgen der Pandemie hat die Krise auch Situationen und Bilder erzeugt, die in â€Ìnormalenâ€Ì Zeiten utopisch erscheinen. Einige der Folgen werden sich verflüchtigen, andere sehr wahrscheinlich längerfristig in die Zukunft hineinwirken. Die Pandemie hat dadurch den sozialen Kontext für umweltpolitisches Handeln verändert. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht dieser Diskussionsbeitrag zwei Fragen nach: Welche gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen der Pandemie sind umweltpolitisch relevant? Und wie könnten und sollten umweltpolitische Akteure darauf reagieren? Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.deVeröffentlichung Grouping of nanomaterials regarding their ecotoxicity(2017) Kühnel, Dana; Zalm, Esther van der; Kussatz, Carola; Schwirn, Kathrin; Hund-Rinke, KerstinGiven the numerous manufactured nanomaterials (NM) already on the market and expected in future, the effort for the individual investigation and assessment would be enormous. Therefore, it is necessary to develop approaches that allow an adequate hazard assessment of NM while avoiding individual testing of a large number of the different forms. Approaches to meet data requirements in deviation from performing standard test requirements are already established for chemical substances. One of these is the grouping and read-across/analogue approach. In comparison to soluble organic substances, nanomaterials of the same chemical substance differ in their physicochemical parameters (e.g. surface chemistry, size, shape) and can potentially differ in their hazard profiles. But also fate related physicochemical properties which are influenced by surrounding conditions, like dispersion stability or dissolution rate, influence bioavailability and effects of NM. Annotation of NM to specific hazard groups or read-across based on their physical-chemical (PC) properties will be a great advantage to reduce the amount of testing necessary for an adequate risk assessment. To identify PC properties which are relevant predictors for ecotoxicity, a literature research was performed. It was found that sparsely or non-soluble, and ion-releasing NM need to be considered differently. We have found that ecotoxicity correlates with more than one PC characteristic. Based on this finding the tool ECOTOX BOND was developed. ECOTOX BOND was tested for robustness with experimental data on eight NM in 23 modifications. The predicted and measured ecotoxicity of the NM tested mostly fit, but the ecotoxicity of green algae for TiO2, CeO2 and Fe2O3 is higher than predicted. This effect could be caused by shading and is investigated in more detail. Quelle: Poster abstactsVeröffentlichung Grouping of nanomaterials regarding their ecotoxicity - are hypotheses based on literature data robust enough?(2017) Kühnel, Dana; Zalm, Esther van der; Kussatz, Carola; Schwirn, Kathrin; Hund-Rinke, KerstinNanomaterials (NM) offer a great innovation potential and are assumed to be beneficial to mankind and the environment by e.g. reducing material usage and energy consumption. However, the large variety of synthetic nanomaterials represents a major challenge for scientists and regulators in terms of measuring and assessing the potential hazard caused by the materials and the products over the whole life-cycle. Currently, the assessment of potential hazards posed by NM towards environmental organisms is assessed on a case-by-case basis, which is considered as not practicable to be performed for the many different variations of NM, which involve differences in composition, size, shape, crystalline structure and surface modifications. In order to overcome the need for extensive testing grouping and read across approaches for NM are discussed, enabling risk assessors to predict the hazard of an NM based on existing knowledge on similar NMs. This requires the identification of relationships between nanomaterials̷ physicochemical properties and their ecotoxicological behavior. To gain knowledge on this relationship, we performed an extensive literature research taking into account ecotoxicological studies either involving several organisms and / or several modifications of the same type of NM. This allowed us to reveal parameters crucial for the emergence of specific ecotoxicological effects. The set of parameters identified as relevant included the surface properties (charge, zeta potential, surface modifications), the size and shape of a NM, and the release of ions. Based on these findings, a test set of NM, involving in most cases several subtypes of a given NM was compiled, which underwent testing in the ecotoxicological relevant aquatic (algae, daphnia and zebrafish embryo) and terrestrial organisms (earth worm, microorganisms). Subsequently, the initial grouping hypotheses were compared to the actual results obtained in the tests in order to verify or falsify initial grouping hypotheses. Even though several predictions could not be confirmed, a first evaluation of results shows that inert and ion-releasing NM needs to be considered differently. Acknowledgement - Funding of the project nanoGRAVUR by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Grant No. 03XP0002 is acknowledged. Quelle: http://www.ime.fraunhofer.de/Veröffentlichung Grouping/Read Across approaches to reduce the testing of nanomaterials regarding their environmental hazard(2017) Kühnel, Dana; Kussatz, Carola; Zalm, Esther van der; Schwirn, Kathrin; Völker, Doris; Hund-Rinke, KerstinNanomaterials (NM) offer a great innovation potential and are assumed to be beneficial to mankind and the environment by e.g. reducing material usage and energy consumption. However, the large variety of synthetic nanomaterials represents a major challenge for scientists and regulators in terms of measuring and assessing the potential hazard caused by the materials and the products over the whole life-cycle. Currently, the assessment of potential hazards posed by NM towards environmental organisms is performed on a case-by-case basis, which is considered as not practicable for the many different variations of NM, which involve differences in composition, size, shape, crystalline structure and surface modifications. In order to overcome the need for extensive testing, grouping and read across approaches for NM are considered helpful. The prediction of NM hazard based on existing knowledge requires the identification of relationships between nanomaterials̷ physicochemical properties and their ecotoxicological behavior. To gain knowledge on this relationship, we used several approaches involving extensive literature research, the formulation of grouping hypotheses based on physical-chemical parameters, as well as systematic toxicity testing. For the latter purpose, a test set of NM was compiled, involving in most cases several subtypes of a given nanoscaled substance, which differed in the parameter considered as driver for a specific effect. The NM test set underwent testing in the ecotoxicological relevant aquatic (algae, daphnia and zebrafish embryo) and terrestrial organisms (earth worm, microorganisms). All organism tests were conducted according to OECD guidelines under consideration of NM-specific modifications. The NM selected for testing were extensively characterized regarding their properties and their behavior in the respective ecotoxicological test media. The talk will provide an overview on the most crucial results obtained so far. Basically it became obvious that an identification of groups consisting of NM with comparable ecotoxicity based on literature data is of limited value, because of fragmented reporting on nanomaterials̷ physical-chemical properties, the application of different methods to characterize the NM as well as a high variability in the applied test procedures. Further, as the systematic testing showed, there are no mono-causal relationships between one physical-chemical parameter and an ecotoxic effect. Our current proposal for a qualitative grouping scheme therefore considers various parameters. The reliability of the grouping scheme was tested by applying it to a further data set not used for the development of the scheme. It became obvious that not all NM exerting a comparable ecotoxicity grouped into the same group and accordingly, further parameters beyond the ones already considered in the grouping scheme need to be taken into account. Hence, in order to facilitate grouping with focus on environmental effects, further steps need to be taken. Quelle: Platform presentations - AbstractsVeröffentlichung Hazard grouping of nanomaterials for daphnia and algae toxicity: lessons learned from scientific projects for regulatory applicability(2019) Schwirn, Kathrin; Völker, DorisGiven the numerous manufactured nanomaterials already on the market and expected in future, the effort for the individual investigation of hazard and risk would be enormous. To overcome this challenge, grouping of nanomaterials has been identified as one critical issue by the European Commission as well as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). In that context, several research projects have been carried out to deliver scientific input and develop approaches. This publication discusses experiences from several cases of two scientific projects with the aims to develop and review analogy hypotheses for grouping of different nanoforms of same substances for endpoints related to aquatic ecotoxicity from a regulatory point of view. Furthermore, by presenting examples of grouping attempts, it outlines the need for considerations of further aspects beside key physicalâ€Ìchemical parameters for grouping nanomaterials regarding environmental endpoints. The results substantiate previous educated guesses with strategically collected experimental data on issues that needs to be considered for grouping nanomaterials in regulatory context. Still, grouping of nanomaterials for the aim of joint assessment of ecotoxicity of nanoforms in a regulatory context is in its infants compared to grouping approaches of nanoforms for human health assessment. This publication features important aspects on possibilities and challenges of grouping nanomaterials for environmental hazard assessment. Quelle: https://enveurope.springeropen.comVeröffentlichung International environmental and sustainability policy during and after the Covid-19 pandemic(Umweltbundesamt, 2020) Ginzky, Harald; Kosmol, Jan; Schwirn, Kathrin; Deutschland. UmweltbundesamtThe position paper discusses the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the global economy and geopolitics, for the countries of the Global South and for international environmental and sustainability policy. On this basis, the paper proposes approaches for a substantive reorientation of international environmental and sustainability policy. For example, the nexus of environment and health should be given more attention and the resilience of economic and social systems should be established as a requirement. Measures are needed to deal with the current pandemic, to prevent further pandemics and to further develop international environmental and sustainability policy. Quelle: www.umweltbundesamt.deVeröffentlichung Internationale Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitspolitik während und nach der Covid-19 Pandemie(2020) Ginzky, Harald; Kosmol, Jan; Schwirn, KathrinVeröffentlichung Internationale Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitspolitik während und nach der Covid-19 Pandemie(Umweltbundesamt, 2020) Ginzky, Harald; Kosmol, Jan; Schwirn, Kathrin; Deutschland. UmweltbundesamtDas Positionspapier erläutert die Folgen der Corona-Pandemie für die Weltwirtschaft und die Geopolitik, für die Länder des globalen Südens sowie für die internationale Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitspolitik. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Ansätze zur inhaltlichen Neuausrichtung der internationalen Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitspolitik vorgeschlagen. So soll etwa der Nexus von Umwelt und Gesundheit mehr Beachtung finden und die Resilienz der wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Systeme als eine Anforderung etabliert werden. Maßnahmen sind erforderlich zum Umgang mit der aktuellen Pandemie, zur Vermeidung weiterer Pandemien sowie zur Fortentwicklung der internationalen Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitspolitik. Quelle: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de