Auflistung nach Autor:in "Dietz, Rune"

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Current state of knowledge on biological effects from contaminants on arctic wildlife and fish
(2019) Dietz, Rune; Letcher, Robert J.; Desforges, Jean-Pierre; Treu, Gabriele
Since the last Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) effort to review biological effects of the ex-posure to organohalogen compounds (OHCs) in Arctic biota, there has been a considerable number of new Arcticeffect studies. Here, we provide an update on the state of the knowledge of OHC, and also include mercury, ex-posure and/or associated effects in key Arctic marine and terrestrial mammal and bird species as well as in fishby reviewing the literature published since the last AMAP assessment in 2010. We aimed at updating the knowl-edge of how single but also combined health effects are or can be associated to the exposure to single compoundsor mixtures of OHCs. We also focussed on assessing both potential individual as well as population health impactsusing population-specific exposure data post 2000. We have identified quantifiable effects on vitamin metabo-lism, immune functioning, thyroid and steroid hormone balances, oxidative stress, tissue pathology, and repro-duction. As with the previous assessment, a wealth of documentation is available for biological effects inmarine mammals and seabirds, and sentinel species such as the sledge dog and Arctic fox, but information for ter-restrial vertebrates and fish remain scarce. While hormones and vitamins are thoroughly studied, oxidativestress, immunotoxic and reproductive effects need further investigation. Depending on the species and popula-tion, some OHCs and mercury tissue contaminant burdens post 2000 were observed to be high enough to exceedputative risk threshold levels that have been previously estimated for non-target species or populations outsidethe Arctic. In this assessment, we made use of risk quotient calculations to summarize the cumulative effects ofdifferent OHC classes and mercury for which critical body burdens can be estimated for wildlife across the Arctic.As our ultimate goal is to better predict or estimate the effects of OHCs and mercury in Arctic wildlife at the in-dividual, population and ecosystem level, there remain numerous knowledge gaps on the biological effects of ex-posure in Arctic biota. These knowledge gaps include the establishment of concentration thresholds forindividual compounds as well as for realistic cocktail mixtures that in fact indicate biologically relevant, andnot statistically determined, health effects for specific species and subpopulations. Finally, we provide future per-spectives on understanding Arctic wildlife health using new in vivo, in vitro, and in silico techniques, and providecase studies on multiple stressors to show that future assessments would benefit from significant efforts to inte-grate human health, wildlife ecology and retrospective and forecasting aspects into assessing the biological ef-fects of OHC and mercury exposure in Arctic wildlife and fish. © 2019 The Authors.
Organohalogen compounds of emerging concern in Baltic Sea biota: Levels, biomagnification potential and comparisons with legacy contaminants
(2020) De Wit, Cynthia A.; Bossi, Rossana; Dietz, Rune; Koschorreck, Jan; Treu, Gabriele
While new chemicals have replaced major toxic legacy contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), knowledge of their current levels and biomagnification potential in Baltic Sea biota is lacking. Therefore, a suite of chemicals of emerging concern, including organophosphate esters (OPEs), short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, LCCPs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), were analysed in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), viviparous eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), grey seal (Halichoerus grypus), harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common eider (Somateria mollissima), common guillemot (Uria aalge) and white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) from the Baltic Proper, sampled between 2006 and 2016. Results were benchmarked with existing data for legacy contaminants. The mean concentrations for (Sigma)OPEs ranged from 57 to 550 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw), for (Sigma)CPs from 110 to 640 ng g-1 lw for (Sigma)HFRs from 0.42 to 80 ng g-1 lw, and for (Sigma)PFAS from 1.1 to 450 ng g-1 wet weight. Perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS) was detected in most species. Levels of OPEs, CPs and HFRs were generally similar or higher than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and/or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD). OPE, CP and HFR concentrations were also similar to PCBs and DDTs in blue mussel, viviparous eelpout and Atlantic herring. In marine mammals and birds, PCB and DDT concentrations remained orders of magnitude higher than those of OPEs, CPs, HFRs and PFAS. Predator-prey ratios for individual OPEs (0.28-3.9) and CPs (0.40-5.0) were similar or somewhat lower than those seen for BDE-47 (5.0-29) and HBCDD (2.4-13). Ratios for individual HFRs (0.010-37) and PFAS (0.15-47) were, however, of the same order of magnitude as seen for p,p'2-DDE (4.7-66) and CB-153 (31-190), indicating biomagnification potential for many of the emerging contaminants. Lack of toxicity data, including for complex mixtures, makes it difficult to assess the risks emerging contaminants pose. Their occurence and biomagnification potential should trigger risk management measures, particularly for MCCPs, HFRs and PFAS. © 2020 The Author(s)