Auflistung nach Autor:in "Birmili, Wolfram"

Gerade angezeigt 1 - 20 von 67

26. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage
(Eigenverl. Verein WaBoLu, 2019) Klaus, Burkhard; Birmili, Wolfram; Verein für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene; Daniels, Anja; Brozowski, Frank; Plehn, Wolfgang; Oehm, Anke
28. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage
(Eigenverl. Verein WaBoLu, 2021) Klaus, Burkhard; Birmili, Wolfram; Verein für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene; Braun, Ulrike; Bannick, Claus Gerhard; Brandt, Simone
28. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage
(Eigenverl. Verein WaBoLu, 2022) Klaus, Burkhard; Birmili, Wolfram; Verein für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene; Braun, Ulrike; Bannick, Claus Gerhard; Brandt, Simone
29. WaBoLu-Innenraumtage
(Eigenverl. Verein WaBoLu, 2022) Klaus, Burkhard; Birmili, Wolfram; Verein für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene; Schuberth, Jens; Brandt, Simone
A holistic modeling framework for estimating the influence of climate change on indoor air quality
(2022) Salthammer, Tunga; Birmili, Wolfram; Zhao, Jiangyue; Schieweck, Alexandra
The IPCC 2021 report predicts rising global temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events in the future, which will have different effects on the regional climate and concentrations of ambient air pollutants. Consequently, changes in heat and mass transfer between the inside and outside of buildings will also have an increasing impact on indoor air quality. It is therefore surprising that indoor spaces and occupant well-being still play a subordinate role in the studies of climate change. To increase awareness for this topic, the Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model system was developed, which allows short and long-term predictions of the indoor climate with respect to outdoor conditions. The IAQCC is a holistic model that combines different scenarios in the form of submodels: building physics, indoor emissions, chemical-physical reaction and transformation, mold growth, and indoor exposure. IAQCC allows simulation of indoor gas and particle concentrations with outdoor influences, indoor materials and activity emissions, particle deposition and coagulation, gas reactions, and SVOC partitioning. These key processes are fundamentally linked to temperature and relative humidity. With the aid of the building physics model, the indoor temperature and humidity, and pollutant transport in building zones can be simulated. The exposure model refers to the calculated concentrations and provides evaluations of indoor thermal comfort and exposure to gaseous, particulate, and microbial pollutants. © 2022 The Authors
A parameterization of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 for mass-based aerosol models
(2018) Chen, Ying-Yuan; Birmili, Wolfram; Wolke, Ralf; Ran, Liang
The heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 on the surface of deliquescent aerosol leads to HNO3 formation and acts as a major sink of NOx in the atmosphere during night-time. The reaction constant of this heterogeneous hydrolysis is determined by temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), aerosol particle composition, and the surface area concentration (S). However, these parameters were not comprehensively considered in the parameterization of the heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 in previous mass-based 3-D aerosol modelling studies. In this investigation, we propose a sophisticated parameterization (NewN2O5) of N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis with respect to T, RH, aerosol particle compositions, and S based on laboratory experiments. We evaluated closure between NewN2O5 and a state-of-the-art parameterization based on a sectional aerosol treatment. The comparison showed a good linear relationship (R?=??0.91) between these two parameterizations. NewN2O5 was incorporated into a 3-D fully online coupled model, COSMOŃMUSCAT, with the mass-based aerosol treatment. As a case study, we used the data from the HOPE Melpitz campaign (10Ń25 September 2013) to validate model performance. Here, we investigated the improvement of nitrate prediction over western and central Europe. The modelled particulate nitrate mass concentrations ([NO3-]) were validated by filter measurements over Germany (Neuglobsow, Schmücke, Zingst, and Melpitz). The modelled [NO3-] was significantly overestimated for this period by a factor of 5Ń19, with the corrected NH3 emissions (reduced by 50?%) and the original parameterization of N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis. The NewN2O5 significantly reduces the overestimation of [NO3-] by ?~??35?%. Particularly, the overestimation factor was reduced to approximately 1.4 in our case study (12, 17Ń18 and 25 September 2013) when [NO3-] was dominated by local chemical formations. In our case, the suppression of organic coating was negligible over western and central Europe, with an influence on [NO3-] of less than 2?% on average and 20?% at the most significant moment. To obtain a significant impact of the organic coating effect, N2O5, SOA, and NH3 need to be present when RH is high and T is low. However, those conditions were rarely fulfilled simultaneously over western and central Europe. Hence, the organic coating effect on the reaction probability of N2O5 may not be as significant as expected over western and central Europe. Quelle: https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/
Aerosol connections between three distant continental stations
(2018) Heintzenberg, Jost; Birmili, Wolfram; Senf, Fabian; Wiedensohler, Alfred
Aerosol particle mixing state, refractory particle number size distributions and emission factors in a polluted urban environment
(2017) Kecorius, Simonas; Birmili, Wolfram; Madueno, Leizel; Vallar, Edgar
Aerosol pollution maps and trends over Germany with hourly data at four rural background stations from 2009 to 2018
(2020) Heintzenberg, Jost; Birmili, Wolfram; Hellack, Bryan
A total of 10 years of hourly aerosol and gas data at four rural German stations have been combined with hourly back trajectories to the stations and inventories of the European Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), yielding pollution maps over Germany of PM10, particle number concentrations, and equivalent black carbon (eBC). The maps reflect aerosol emissions modified with atmospheric processes during transport between sources and receptor sites. Compared to emission maps, strong western European emission centers do not dominate the downwind concentrations because their emissions are reduced by atmospheric processes on the way to the receptor area. PM10, eBC, and to some extent also particle number concentrations are rather controlled by emissions from southeastern Europe from which pollution transport often occurs under drier conditions. Newly formed particles are found in air masses from a broad sector reaching from southern Germany to western Europe, which we explain with gaseous particle precursors coming with little wet scavenging from this region. Annual emissions for 2009 of PM10, BC, SO2, and NOx were accumulated along each trajectory and compared with the corresponding measured time series. The agreement of each pair of time series was optimized by varying monthly factors and annual factors on the 2009 emissions. This approach yielded broader summer emission minima than published values that were partly displaced from the midsummer positions. The validity of connecting the ambient concentration and emission of particulate pollution was tested by calculating temporal changes in eBC for subsets of back trajectories passing over two separate prominent emission regions, region A to the northwest and B to the southeast of the measuring stations. Consistent with reported emission data the calculated emission decreases over region A are significantly stronger than over region B. © Author(s) 2020.
Aerosol signature size distributions: comparison of different clustering methods applied to data from the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN)
(2021) Lazemi, Leila; Bath, Olaf; Birmili, Wolfram; Gerwig, Holger; Meinhardt, Frank; Ries, Ludwig; Schwerin, Andreas; Wirtz, Klaus
Aerosole (Feinstäube) in Innenräumen
(2021) Birmili, Wolfram
Atmospheric new particle formation at the research station Melpitz, Germany
(2018) Größ, Johannes; Birmili, Wolfram; Hamed, Amar; Sonntag, Andre
This paper revisits the atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) process in the polluted Central European troposphere, focusing on the connection with gas-phase precursors and meteorological parameters. Observations were made at the research station Melpitz (former East Germany) between 2008 and 2011 involving a neutral cluster and air ion spectrometer (NAIS). Particle formation events were classified by a new automated method based on the convolution integral of particle number concentration in the diameter interval 2Ń20?nm. To study the relevance of gaseous sulfuric acid as a precursor for nucleation, a proxy was derived on the basis of direct measurements during a 1-month campaign in May 2008. As a major result, the number concentration of freshly produced particles correlated significantly with the concentration of sulfur dioxide as the main precursor of sulfuric acid. The condensation sink, a factor potentially inhibiting NPF events, played a subordinate role only. The same held for experimentally determined ammonia concentrations. The analysis of meteorological parameters confirmed the absolute need for solar radiation to induce NPF events and demonstrated the presence of significant turbulence during those events. Due to its tight correlation with solar radiation, however, an independent effect of turbulence for NPF could not be established. Based on the diurnal evolution of aerosol, gas-phase, and meteorological parameters near the ground, we further conclude that the particle formation process is likely to start in elevated parts of the boundary layer rather than near ground level. Quelle: Verlagsinformation
Außenluft
(2021) Birmili, Wolfram; Kessinger, Susan
Luftkontamination oder "Luftverschmutzung" liegt vor, wenn übermäßige Mengen oder auch für die Gesundheit schädliche Mengen an Spurengasen oder Staubpartikeln in die Atmosphäre gelangen. Neben den bekannten anthropogenen Quellen an Luftschadstoffen gibt es für viele Substanzen auch natürliche Quellen, die vom Menschen nur wenig beeinflussbar sind. Aufgrund von Schwankungen bei der Aktivität der Quellen sowie einer Vielfalt atmosphärischer Prozesse kann sich die Luftqualität im Einzelfall je nach Ort und Zeit stark unterscheiden. Luftverunreinigungen verursachen statistisch gesehen eine Bandbreite gesundheitlicher Auswirkungen in der Bevölkerung, die von Atemwegserkrankungen, Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen, chronisch-obstruktiver Lungenkrankheit (COPD), Schlaganfällen bis zu Lungenkrebs reichen. Zum Schutz der menschlichen Gesundheit gibt es zahlreiche auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage abgeleitete Grenzwerte bzw. Beurteilungswerte. In Deutschland wird die Luftqualität mit Hilfe eines umfangreichen Messnetzes aus ca. 600 Messstationen nach europaweit einheitlichen Vorgaben überwacht. Verstärkt muss vor allem dort gemessen werden, wo hohe Konzentrationen erwartet werden, denen viele Menschen ausgesetzt sind. Aktuell werden deutschland- und europaweit 11 Luftschadstoffe überwacht, von denen bei lang- und/oder kurzfristiger Exposition eine Gefahr für die menschliche Gesundheit ausgeht. Durch erfolgreiche Emissionsminderungsmaßnahmen, die in den 1960er Jahren begannen und bis in die Gegenwart reichen, gibt es mittlerweile in Deutschland keine Überschreitungen der geltenden Luftschadstoffgrenzwerte für Schwefeldioxid, Kohlenmonoxid, Benzol und Blei mehr. Allerdings sind in Ballungsräumen und Städten die Konzentrationen von Feinstaub (PM10/PM2,5) und Stickstoffdioxid (NO2) an einigen Messstationen nach wie vor zu hoch, auch wenn sie seit 1990 deutlich abgenommen haben. Auch die Ozonbelastung stellt in den Sommermonaten deutschlandweit ein Problem dar. Nur sehr vereinzelt werden zu hohe Konzentrationen der Staubinhaltsstoffe (Arsen, Cadmium, Blei, Nickel, Benzo[a]pyren) gemessen. Inzwischen halten auch orientierende, d.h. gesetzlich nicht verpflichtende Messungen einiger "neuer" Luftschadstoffe wie ultrafeiner Partikel (UFP) Einzug in Messnetze. Durch Langzeitmessungen von UFP konnten z.B. die Wirksamkeit emissionsmindernder Maßnahmen im Kfz-Bereich gut belegt werden. Die Luftqualitätsdaten der Bundes- und Ländermessnetze werden der Öffentlichkeit automatisiert und zeitnah zur Verfügung gestellt, damit sich empfindliche Personengruppen jederzeit über die Belastungssituation informieren können. Quelle: https://www.ecomed-medizin.de/aussenluft
Citizen Science - Rußdetektoren fürs Handy?
(2016) Birmili, Wolfram; Pfeifer, Sascha; Alas, Honey D.C.; Müller, Thomas; Wiesner, Anne; Kecorius, Simonas; Weinhold, Kay; Wiedensohler, A.
Concept of high quality simultaneous measurements of the indoor and outdoor aerosol to determine the exposure to fine and ultrafine particles in private homes
(2018) Zhao, J.; Birmili, Wolfram; Weinhold, K.; Merkel, M.
Contributions of volatile and nonvolatile compounds (at 300˚C) to condensational growth of atmospheric nanoparticles: An assessment based on 8.5 years of observations at the Central Europe background site Melpitz
(2017) Wang, Zhibin; Birmili, Wolfram; Hamed, Armar
Long-term measurements of particle number size distributions in combination with thermodenuder analysis have been performed since July 2003 at the Central European station of Melpitz, Germany. Up to the end of 2011, 20% of all investigated days during the 8.5?years of measurements showed new particle formation and subsequent growth. To investigate the role of various chemical compound candidates for condensational nanoparticle growth, we focused on nucleation events in which the measured size distributions with and without thermodesorption both showed growth patterns (accounting for up to ~85% of all nucleation events). In this study, particulate compounds that volatilize at 300˚C were specifically defined as ̮volatile,Ł in contrast to ̮nonvolatileŁ compounds, which remain in the particulate phase after being heated to 300˚C. A strong correlation between ambient temperature and growth rate associated with volatile substances (except gaseous sulfuric acid) was found, which implies the importance of organics (possibly oxidized biogenic organic compounds) in particle growth at Melpitz. The contributions of the volatile compounds to the growth rate due to condensation of gaseous sulfuric acid and organics were found to be about 19% and 47%, respectively. The remaining ~25% was attributed to nonvolatile residuals, which appear to form gradually during the particle growth process and are characterized as extremely low-volatility compounds. The growth rate associated with volatile components exhibited significant seasonal variation, with the highest value during summertime, whereas the growth rate associated with the nonvolatile fraction showed less fluctuation. Quelle: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Corona-Viren in Innenräumen
(2021) Moriske, Heinz-Jörn; Straff, Wolfgang; Plaß, Dietrich; Selinka, Hans-Christoph; Daniels, Anja; Birmili, Wolfram
Covid-19 und Raumklima: Infektionsrisiko über Aerosole
(2021) Birmili, Wolfram
Decreasing trends of particle number and black carbon mass concentrations at 16 observational sites in Germany from 2009 to 2018
(2020) Sun, Jia; Bath, Olaf; Birmili, Wolfram; Hermann, Markus; Gerwig, Holger; Ries, Ludwig; Schwerin, Andreas; Meinhardt, Frank; Sohmer, Ralf; Wirtz, Klaus
Anthropogenic emissions are a dominant contributor to air pollution. Consequently, mitigation policies have attempted to reduce anthropogenic pollution emissions in Europe since the 1990s. To evaluate the effectiveness of these mitigation policies, the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) was established in 2008, focusing on black carbon and sub-micrometer aerosol particles, especially ultrafine particles. In this investigation, trends of the size-resolved particle number concentrations (PNC) and the equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentration over a 10-year period (2009-2018) were evaluated for 16 observational sites for different environments among GUAN. The trend analysis was done for both, the full-length time series and on subsets of the time series in order to test the reliability of the results. The results show generally decreasing trends of both, the PNCs for all size ranges as well as eBC mass concentrations in all environments, except PNC in 10-30 nm at regional background and mountain sites. The annual slope of the eBC mass concentration varies between -7.7% and -1.8% per year. The slopes of the PNCs varies from -6.3% to 2.7%, -7.0% to -2.0%, and -9.5% to -1.5% per year (only significant trends) for 10-30 nm, 30-200 nm, and 200-800 nm particle diameter, respectively. The regional Mann-Kendall test yielded regional-scale trends of eBC mass concentration, N[30-200] and N[200-800] of -3.8%, -2.0% and -2.4%, respectively, indicating an overall decreasing trend for eBC mass concentration and sub-micrometer PNC (except N[10-30]) all over Germany. The most significant decrease was observed on working days and during daytime in urban areas, which implies a strong evidence of reduced anthropogenic emissions. For the seasonal trends, stronger reductions were observed in winter. Possible reasons for this reduction can be the increased average ambient temperatures and wind speed in winter, which resulted in less domestic heating and stronger dilution. In addition, decreased precipitation in summer also diminishes the decrease of the PNCs and eBC mass concentration. For the period of interest, there were no significant changes in long-range transport patterns. The most likely factors for the observed decreasing trends are declining anthropogenic emissions due to emission mitigation policies of the European Union. Quelle: https://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/
Der Wissensstand über UFP - wie das UBA die Öffentlichkeit informiert
(2018) Birmili, Wolfram; Straff, Wolfgang; Plaß, Dietrich; Wirtz, Klaus; Gerwig, Holger