Openumwelt :: Auflistung nach Autor:in "Altmann, Korinna"

Auflistung nach Autor:in "Altmann, Korinna"

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A new concept for the ecotoxicological assessment of plastics under consideration of aging processes
(2023) Kittner, Maria; Isernhinke, Lisa; Altmann, Korinna; Braun, Ulrike; Lukas, Marcus
Microplastics are widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial environments, but up tonow less is known about (eco)toxicological impacts under realistic conditions. Researchso far has focused mainly on impacts on organisms by fresh, single-origin plasticfragments or beads. However, plastics found in the environment are complex incomposition, this means different polymer types and sources, with and withoutadditives and in all stages of age, and therefore, in a more or less advanced stage ofdegradation. For oxidized degradation products that might be released from plasticmaterials during aging, there is a lack of information on potentially adverse effects onaquatic biota. The latter is of particular interest as oxidized degradation products mightbecome more water soluble due to higher polarity and are more bioavailable, therefore.The present study focused on plastic leachates of polystyrene (PS) and polylactic acid(PLA), which were derived from alternating stress by hydrolysis and ultraviolet (UV)radiation-representing a realistic scenario in the environment. Test specimens of PS,PLA, or a PLA/PS layer (each 50%) were alternately exposed to UV radiation for 5 daysfollowed by hydrolysis for 2 days, for several weeks alternating. Ecotoxicological effectsof the storage water (artificial freshwater) of the test specimens and additionally, in asecond experimental setup, the effects of five potential polymer degradation productswere detected by 72 h algae growth inhibition tests withDesmodesmus subspicatus.Results clearly indicate inhibitory effects on algae growth by contaminants in thestorage water of stressed plastics with increasing growth inhibition of proceedinghydrolysis and UV stress times. Different polymers caused variable inhibitions of algaegrowth with stronger inhibitions by PS and less effects by PLA and the mixed layer ofboth. Moreover, not microplastic particles but the resulting dissolved degradationproducts after aging caused theecotoxicological effectsââą Ìwith strong effects by theoxidized degradation products. The existing data highlight the relevance of plastic agingas a framework for microplastic ecotoxicity evaluation and allow a proof of concept. © 2023 The Authors.
A reference methodology for microplastic particle size distribution analysis: Sampling, filtration, and detection by optical microscopy and image processing
(2022) Richter, Susanne; Horstmann, Julia; Altmann, Korinna; Braun, Ulrike
Microplastic (MP) contamination in natural water circulation is a concern for environmental issues and human health. Various types of polymer materials have been identified and were detected in MP analytic test procedures. Beyond MP polymer type, particle size and form play a major role in water analysis due to possible negative toxicologic effects on flora and fauna. However, the correct quantitative measurement of MP size distribution over several orders of magnitude is strongly influenced by sample preparation, filtration materials and processes, and microanalytical techniques, as well as data acquisition and analysis. In this paper, a reference methodology is presented aiming at an improved quantitative analysis of MP particles. An MP analysis workflow is demonstrated including all steps from reference materials to sample preparation, filtration handling, and MP particle size distribution analysis. Background-corrected particle size distributions (1â€Ì1000â€ Ìm) have been determined for defined polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) reference samples. Microscopically measured particle numbers and errors have been cross-checked with the total initial mass. In particular, defined reference MP samples (PE, PET) are initially characterized and applied to filtration experiments. Optical microscopy imaging on full-area Si filters with subsequent image analysis algorithms is used for statistical particle size distribution analysis. To quantify the effects of handling and filtration, several blind tests with distilled water are carried out to determine the particle background for data evaluation. Particle size distributions of PE and PET reference samples are qualitatively and quantitatively reproduced with respect to symmetry, and maximum and cut-off diameter of the distribution. It is shown that especially MP particles with a radius of >50â€ Ìm can be detected and retrieved with high reliability. For particle sizes <50â€ Ìm, a significant interference with background contamination is observed. Data from blank samples allows a correction of background contaminations. Furthermore, for enhanced sampling statistics, the recovery of the initial amount of MP will be qualitatively shown. The results are intended as an initial benchmark for MP analytics quality. This quality is based on statistical MP particle distributions and covers the complete analytic workflow starting from sample preparation to filtration and detection. Microscopic particle analysis provides an important supplement for the evaluation of established spectroscopic methods such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy. © 2022 The Authors
Analysis of microplastics - sampling, preparation and detection
(Deutschland. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, 2021) Braun, Ulrike; Altmann, Korinna; Bannik, Claus G.; Obermaier, Nathan; Ricking, Mathias; Stein, Ulf; Schritt, Hannes
This status report was prepared within the framework of the cross-cutting topic 1 "Analytics and reference materials" of the research focus. It summarizes the contents of the project discussions and coordination within the cross-cutting issue. The organization of this ongoing process of development or elaboration has been supported by several events. The status report presents a summary of the physicochemical methods for the analysis of MP used in the research focus "Plastics in the Environment". The present recommendations are based on the current state of knowledge of the analysis of MP and are directed at actors in science as well as potential users in practice © bmf-plastik.de
Determination of microplastic mass content by thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(2021) Wiesner, Yosri; Altmann, Korinna; Braun, Ulrike
The scientific and practical challenge of detecting microplastics (MPs) in the environment in a targeted and rapid manner is solved by innovative coupling of thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometric methods. Fast identification and quantitative determination of most thermoplastic polymers and elastomers is possible by using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). © Authors
Determination of tire wear markers in soil samples and their distribution in a roadside soil
(2022) Müller, Axel; Kocher, Birgit; Altmann, Korinna; Braun, Ulrike
Tire wear (TW) constitutes a significant source of microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems. It is known that particles emitted by roads can have an effect up to 100 m into adjacent areas. Here, we apply for the first-time thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) to determine TW in soil samples by detection of thermal decomposition products of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), without additional enrichment. Additionally, zinc contents were determined as an elemental marker for TW. Mixed soil samples were taken along three transects along a German motorway in 0.3, 2.0, and 5.0 m distance from the road. Sampling depths were 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. Four fine fractions, 1 000-500, 500-100, 100-50, and <50 mikrom, were analyzed. TW contents based on SBR ranged from 155 to 15 898 mg kg-1. TW contents based on zinc were between 413 and 44 812 mg kg-1. Comparison of individual values of SBR and zinc reveals SBR as a more specific marker. Results confirm that most TW ends up in the topsoil within a 2 m distance. The sampling strategy resulted in representative data for a larger area. Standard deviations of quadruple TED-GC/MS determination of SBR were <10% for all grain size fractions. TED-GC/MS is a suitable analytical tool for determining TW in soil samples without the use of toxic chemicals, enrichment, or special sample preparation. © 2022 The Authors
Development of a routine screening method for the microplastic mass content in a wastewater treatment plant effluent
(2022) Goedecke, Caroline; Eisentraut, Paul; Bannick, Claus Gerhard; Altmann, Korinna; Barthel, Anne-Kathrin; Obermaier, Nathan; Braun, Ulrike; Ricking, Mathias
An investigation of microplastic (MP) occurrence in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent with tertiary treatment was carried out. Representative sample volumes of 1 m3 were taken by applying a fractionated filtration method (500, 100, and 50 (micro)m mesh sizes). The detection of MP mass fractions by thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS) was achieved without the previously required additional sample pretreatment for the first time. Different types of quantification methods for the evaluation of TED-GC/MS data were tested, and their accuracy and feasibility have been proven for real samples. Polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene were identified in effluent samples. The polymer mass content varied significantly between 5 and 50 mg m-3. A correlation between the MP load and the quantity of suspended matter in the WWTP effluents, particle size distribution, particle type, and operation day (i.e., weekday, season, and capacity) was not found. It can be concluded that a meaningful assessment of WWTPs requires a comprehensive sampling campaign with varying operation conditions. © 2022 The Authors
Garment ageing in a Laundry care process under household-like conditions
(2023) Heller, Claudia; Altmann, Korinna; Bannick, Claus Gerhard; Braun, Ulrike; Kerndorff, Alexander
This study reflects typical consumer textile washing behaviour while taking into account existing standards in the household appliance and garment industries. Two garments were washed repeatedly with artificial dirt and detergent 30 times. The collected washing water was separated using fractional filtration. Textile physical tests were used to follow property changes of the garments, the microplastic release is determined using thermoextraction/desorbtionâ€Ìgas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the total organic carbon was measured as a sum parameter for the organic bonded carbon. This article shows the importance of a reality-based approach when investigating microplastics of textile origin in the laundry care process. Deposits of detergent and dirt on the textiles were detected. The total mass of sieve residues was much higher than the release of synthetic polymers. The cotton content of the garments causes a much higher fibre release than synthetic fibres. Both will lead to false results by purely gravimetric analysis because nonpolymer fibres will be included microplastic mass. The results cannot be generalised only by the main polymer type, knowledge of the textile construction must be included for final evaluation. © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Identification and Quantification of Microplastic in Sewage Systems by TED-GC-MS
(2019) Altmann, Korinna; Goedecke, Caroline; Bannick, Claus Gerhard
The number of publications reporting the amount of microplastic (MP) all over the world increased rapidly. Methods used so far are very time consuming and not able to provide information on total contents. As harmonised sampling, sample preparation and analysis strategies are missing different studies can hardly be compared and quantitative data, including identification and mass contents of the polymers found, are missing. This leads to a lack of comprehensive understanding of MP occurrence, source and entry pathways into the environment. We developed a method, Thermal Extraction/Desorption-Gaschromatography-Massspectrometry, as a fast screening method for MP analysis. Solid residues of water samples are heated up to 600 C under a N2 atmosphere without any sample preparation. The collected decomposition gases are separated in a gas chromatography system and detected in a mass spectrometer. Mass contents of the identified polymers can be calculated. In this presentation we will show first results from the influent of the wastewater treatment plant Kaiserslautern (Germany) and its combined sewage system as possibly entry pathway. In order to determine the relevance of wastewater split streams analysis of grey water will be conducted. Samples are fractionally filtered by a sieve cascade with mesh sizes of 500, 100, 50 Ìm. Quelle: https://opus4.kobv.de/
Identification of microplastic pathways within a typical European urban wastewater
(2022) Altmann, Korinna; Goedecke, Caroline; Bannick, Claus-Gerhard; Braun, Ulrike
n recent years, thermoextraction/desorption-gas chromatography/mass spec-trometry (TED-GC/MS) has been developed as a rapid detection method for thedetermination of microplastics (MP) mass contents in numerous environmen-tally relevant matrices and, in particular, for the measurement of polymers inwater samples without time-consuming sample preparation. The TED-GC/MSmethod was applied to investigate a typical European municipal wastewatersystem for possible MP masses. Such investigations are important in view of therecent revision of the Urban WastewaterTreatment Directive. Four differentrepresentative sampling sites were selected: greywater (domestic wastewaterwithout toilet), combined sewer, andinfluent and effluent of a wastewatertreatment plant (WWTP). All samples were collected by fractional filtration.Filtration was carried out over mesh sizes of 500, 100, 50, and in some cases,5 ÎÌm. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) weredetected in all samples, with the PE fraction dominating in all cases. Styrene-butadiene rubber which serves as an indication of tire abrasion, was only foundin the influent of the WWTP. The highest MP mass contents were found in thecombined sewer, so MP can become a source of pollution during heavy rainevents when the capacity limits of the effluent are reached, and the pollutedeffluent is released uncontrolled into the environment. Based on the studies,MP retention from the WWTP could be estimated to be approximately 96%.Few trends in polymer type or mass contents were detected within the differentfractions of the samples or when comparing samples to each other. © 2023 The Authors.Applied Researchpublished by Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Mikroplastik-Analytik - Probenahme, Probenaufbereitung und Detektionsverfahren
(Deutschland. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, 2020) Braun, Ulrike; Altmann, Korinna; Bannik, Claus G.; Obermaier, Nathan; Ricking, Mathias; Stein, Ulf; Schritt, Hannes
Das Statuspapier fasst die Inhalte der Verbundprojekt-übergreifenden Diskussionen und Abstimmungen innerhalb des Querschnittsthemas (QST) "Analytik und Referenzmaterialien" des Forschungsschwerpunkts Plastik in der Umwelt zusammen. Die vorliegenden Verfahrensempfehlungen beruhen auf dem aktuellen Wissensstand zur Analytik von MP und richtet sich an Akteur*innen in der Wissenschaft als auch Anwender*innen in der Praxis. Die vorliegende Fassung wurde aus dem Diskussionspapier (Link Dokument Stand Oktober 2018) entwickelt. Dieser kontinuierliche Entwicklungs- oder Erarbeitungsprozess wurde durch eine Reihe von Veranstaltungen zwischen 2018 und 2020 innerhalb des Forschungsschwerpunktes organisatorisch untermauert. Motivation dieses Statuspapiers ist es, die im Forschungsschwerpunkt "Plastik in der Umwelt" verwendeten physikochemischen Untersuchungsverfahren zur Analytik von Mikroplastik zusammenzuführen. Dadurch sollen möglichst validierte Methoden und vergleichbare Ergebnisse in den verschiedenen Projekten für die jeweils spezifische Fragestellung erreicht werden - insbesondere für zukünftige Projekte. Am Ende soll ein möglichst einheitlicher Methodenpool für die relevanten Fragestellungen in Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft und Verwaltung zur Verfügung stehen. © bmf-plastik.de
Smart filters for the analysis of microplastic in beverages filled in plastic bottles
(2021) Braun, Ulrike; Altmann, Korinna; Herper, Dominik
The occurrence of microplastic (MP) in food products, such as beverages in plastic bottles, is of high public concern. Existing analytical methods focus on the determination of particle numbers, requiring elaborate sampling tools, laboratory infrastructure and generally time-consuming imaging detection methods. A comprehensive routine analysis of MP in food products is still not possible. In the present work, we present the development of a smart filter crucible as sampling and detection tool. After filtration and drying of the filtered-off solids, a direct determination of the MP mass content from the crucible sample can be done by thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (TED-GC/MS). The new filter crucible allows a filtration of MP down to particle sizes of 5 (micro)m. We determined MP contents below 0.01 (micro)g/L up to 2 (micro)g/L, depending on beverages bottle type. This may be directly related to the bottle type, especially the quality of the plastic material of the screw cap. Dependent on the plastic material, particle formation increases due to opening and closing operations during the use phase. However, we have also found that some individual determinations of samples were subjected to high errors due to random events. A conclusive quantitative evaluation of the products is therefore not possible at present. © Taylor&Francis Online
Untersuchungsverfahren von Mikroplastikgehalten im Wasser für Praxis und Wissenschaft
(2021) Altmann, Korinna; Braun, Ulrike; Heller, Claudia
Zielsetzung des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten Projektes RUSEKU (Repräsentative Untersuchungsstrategien für ein integratives Systemverständnis von spezifischen Einträgen von Kunststoffen in die Umwelt) war es, repräsentative Untersuchungsstrategien für die Detektion von Mikroplastik mittels TED GC/MS in wässerigen Medien zu ermitteln. Dabei wurden verschiedene Probenahmekonzepte und -verfahren für unterschiedliche Fallgestaltungen und Fragestellungen untersucht, sowie neue Filtersysteme entwickelt. Bei der Detektion der Partikel lag der Fokus auf der Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung der ThermoExtraktion/Desorption-Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (TED-GC/MS) zur Bestimmung von Mikroplastikgehalten. Anwendung fanden die Methoden bei der Beprobung von Flaschenwasser, Waschmaschinenabläufen, dem urbanen Abwassersystem der Stadt Kaiserslautern, sowie in Oberflächengewässern. © Authors

Auflistung nach Autor:in "Altmann, Korinna"

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